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Endomicroscopy
Endomicroscopy is a technique for obtaining histology-like images from inside the human body in real-time,〔Paull, P.E., et al., Confocal laser endomicroscopy: a primer for pathologists. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine, 2011. 135: p. 1343-8.〕〔Liu, J.T.C., et al., Review Article : Modern Trends in Imaging II Point-of-care pathology with miniature microscopes. Pathology, 2011. 34: p. 81-98.〕〔Jabbour, J.M., et al., Confocal Endomicroscopy: Instrumentation and Medical Applications. Annals of biomedical engineering, 2011.〕 a process known as ‘optical biopsy’.〔Newton, R.C., et al., Progress toward optical biopsy: bringing the microscope to the patient. Lung, 2011. 189: p. 111-9.〕〔Sonn, G.a., et al., Optical biopsy of human bladder neoplasia with in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy. The Journal of urology, 2009. 182: p. 1299-305.〕 It generally refers to fluorescence confocal microscopy, although multi-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography have also been adapted for endoscopic use.〔Tearney, G.J., et al., In Vivo Endoscopic Optical Biopsy with Optical Coherence Tomography. Science, 1997. 276: p. 2037-2039.〕〔Zysk, A.M., et al., Optical coherence tomography: a review of clinical development from bench to bedside. Journal of biomedical optics, 2012. 12: p. 051403.〕〔Jung, J.C., et al., In vivo mammalian brain imaging using one- and two-photon fluorescence microendoscopy. Journal of neurophysiology, 2004. 92: p. 3121-33.〕〔Myaing, M.T., et al., Fiber-optic scanning two-photon fluorescence endoscope. Optics Letetrs, 2006. 31: p. 1076-78.〕 Commercially available clinical endomicroscopes can achieve a resolution on the order of a micrometre, have a field-of-view of several hundred µm, and are compatible with fluorophores which are excitable using 488 nm laser light. The main applications are currently in imaging of the gastro-intestinal tract, particularly for the diagnosis and characterisation of Barrett’s Esophagus, pancreatic cysts and colorectal lesions.
==Principles==
Conventional, widefield microscopy is generally unsuitable for imaging thick tissue because the images are corrupted by a blurred, out-of-focus background signal.〔Wilson, T., Optical sectioning in fluorescence microscopy. Journal of microscopy, 2011. 242: p. 111-6.〕 Endomicroscopes achieve optical sectioning (removal of the background intensity) using the confocal principle - each image frame is assembled in a point-by-point fashion by scanning a laser spot rapidly over the tissue. In table-top confocal microscopes the scanning is usually performed using bulky galvanometer or resonant scanning mirrors. Endomicroscopes either have a miniaturised scanning head at the distal tip of the imaging probe, or perform the scanning outside of the patient and use an imaging fibre bundle to transfer the scan pattern to the tissue.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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