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Endothiodon
''Endothiodon'' (/ɛndoʊθiːoʊdɔːn/ "inner tooth" from Greek:endothi (ἔνδοϑι), "within", and Greek:odon (odōn), "tooth", most likely named for the characteristic of the teeth being placed internally to the maxilla〔Boos A. S., Schultz C. L., Vega C. S., Aumond J. J. "On the presence of the Late Permian dicynodont ''Endothiodon'' in Brazil" Palaeontology 56:4, 837-848 (2013)〕) is an extinct genus of large dicynodont from the Late Permian. Like other dicynodonts, ''Endothiodon'' was an herbivore, but it lacked the two tusks that characterized most other dicynodonts. The anterior portion of the upper and lower jaw are curved upward, creating a distinct beak that is thought to have allowed them to be specialized grazers.〔Latimer E. M., Gow C. E., Rubidge B. S. "Dentition and feeding niche of ''Endothiodon'' (Synapsida;Anomodontia)" Palaeontologia Africana 32, 75-82 (1995)〕
''Endothiodon'' was widespread and is found across the southern region of what was then a single large continent known as Pangea. It was originally only found in southern Africa but has now also been found in India and Brazil, which were both close to Africa at the time. The finding in Brazil marks the first dicynodont to be reported for the Permian of South America.〔 This finding also shows that part of the Rio do Rasto Formation in Brazil can now be correlated with deposits in India, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.〔
Originally there were thought to be nine species, but this was reduced down to just 3 species.〔Cox Barry C. "On the palate, dentition, and classification of the fossil reptile ''Endothiodon'' and related genera" American Museum of Natural History 2171 (1964)〕 A fourth species was later discovered. The four currently known species of ''Endothiodon'' are ''E. bathystoma'', ''E. uniseries'', ''E. whaitsi'', and ''E. mahalanobsi''. However, the basic distinction among the four species is size, which leads some to believe that ''E. uniseries'', ''E. bathystoma'', and ''E. whaitsi'' may actually represent an ontogenetic series rather than three distinct taxa.〔 ''E. mahalanobsi'', on the other hand, is most likely a separate, truly smaller species based on the size of both juvenile and adult forms that have been found. Apart from size, ''E. mahalanobsi'' also has a single longitudinal ridge on the snout (compared to three on the other species), a lower position of the pineal boss, and a swollen prefrontal bone.〔
== Description ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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