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Epictetus (;〔Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. ''Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary''. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.〕 ; AD 55 135) was a Greek speaking Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia (present day Pamukkale, Turkey), and lived in Rome until his banishment, when he went to Nicopolis in north-western Greece for the rest of his life. His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his ''Discourses''. Epictetus taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and are thus beyond our control; we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline. == Life == Epictetus was born c. 55 A.D.,〔His year of birth is uncertain. He was born a slave. He must have been old enough to teach philosophy by the time Domitian banished all philosophers from Rome c. 93 A.D. He also describes himself as an old man to Arrian c. 108 A.D. cf. (''Discourses'' ), i.9.10; i.16.20; ii.6.23; etc.〕 presumably at Hierapolis, Phrygia.〔Suda. ''Epictetus''.〕 The name his parents gave him is unknown; the word ''epíktetos'' (ἐπίκτητος) in Greek simply means "acquired." He spent his youth as a slave in Rome to Epaphroditos, a wealthy freedman and secretary to Nero.〔(Epaphroditus ), livius.org〕 Early in life, Epictetus acquired a passion for philosophy, and with the permission of his wealthy owner, he studied Stoic philosophy under Musonius Rufus,〔Epictetus, (''Discourses'' ), i.7.32.〕 which allowed him to rise in respectability as he grew more educated.〔Epictetus, (''Discourses'' ), i.9.29.〕 He somehow became crippled, with Origen stating that his leg was deliberately broken by his master,〔Origen, (''Contra Celcus. vii. )〕 and Simplicius stating that he had been lame from childhood.〔Simplicius, ''Commentary on the Enchiridion'', 13.〕 Epictetus obtained his freedom some time after Nero's death in 68 A.D.,〔Douglas J. Soccio, ''Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy'' (2012), p. 197〕 and began to teach philosophy in Rome. About 93 A.D. Emperor Domitian banished all philosophers from the city,〔Suetonius, (''Domitian'' ), x.〕 and Epictetus fled to Nicopolis in Epirus, Greece, where he founded a philosophical school.〔Aulus Gellius, ''Attic Nights'', xv. 11.〕 His most famous pupil, Arrian, studied under him when a young man (c. 108 A.D.) and claimed to have written the famous ''Discourses'' from his lecture notes, which he argued should be considered comparable to the Socratic literature.〔Hendrik Selle: ''Dichtung oder Wahrheit – Der Autor der Epiktetischen Predigten''. Philologus 145 () 269–290〕 Arrian describes Epictetus as being a powerful speaker who could "induce his listener to feel just what Epictetus wanted him to feel."〔Epictetus, (''Discourses'' ), prologue.〕 Many eminent figures sought conversations with him,〔Epictetus, (''Discourses'' ), i.11; ii.14; iii.4; iii. 7; etc.〕 and the Emperor Hadrian was friendly with him〔(Historia Augusta, ''Hadrian'' ), 16.〕 and may have listened to him speak at his school in Nicopolis.〔Fox, Robin ''The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian'' Basic Books. 2006 pg 578〕〔A surviving 2nd or 3rd century ''Altercatio Hadriani Et Epicteti'' gives a fictitious account of a conversation between Hadrian and Epictetus.〕 He lived a life of great simplicity, with few possessions〔 and lived alone for a long time,〔Simplicius, ''Commentary on the Enchiridion'', 46. There is also a joke at Epictetus' expense in Lucian's (''Life of Demonax'' ) about the fact that he had no family.〕 but in his old age he adopted a friend's child who would otherwise have been left to die, and raised him with the aid of a woman.〔Simplicius, ''Commentary on the Enchiridion'', 46. He may have married her, but Simplicius' language is ambiguous.〕 Epictetus was never married.〔Lucian, Demoxan, c. 55, torn, ii., ed Hemsterh., p. 393; as quoted in ''A Selection from the Discourses of Epictetus With the Encheiridion'' (2009), p. 6〕 He died sometime around 135 A.D.〔He was apparently alive in the reign of Hadrian (117–138). Marcus Aurelius (born 121 A.D.) was an admirer of him but never met him, and Aulus Gellius ((ii.18.10 )) writing mid-century, speaks of him as if belonging to the recent past.〕 After his death, his lamp was purchased by an admirer for 3,000 drachmae.〔Lucian, (''Remarks to an illiterate book-lover'' ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Epictetus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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