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・ Epimimastis escharitis
・ Epimimastis glaucodes
・ Epimimastis porphyroloma
・ Epimimastis tegminata
・ Epimolis
・ Epimolis affinis
・ Epimolis arcifera
・ Epimolis conifera
・ Epimolis creon
・ Epimolis flavonotata
・ Epileptologist
・ Epilichen
・ Epilimnion
・ Epilissus
・ Epilitha
Epilobium
・ Epilobium alsinifolium
・ Epilobium anagallidifolium
・ Epilobium brachycarpum
・ Epilobium brunnescens
・ Epilobium canum
・ Epilobium ciliatum
・ Epilobium clavatum
・ Epilobium cleistogamum
・ Epilobium densiflorum
・ Epilobium fleischeri
・ Epilobium foliosum
・ Epilobium glaberrimum
・ Epilobium halleanum
・ Epilobium hirsutum


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Epilobium : ウィキペディア英語版
Epilobium

''Epilobium'' is a genus in the family Onagraceae, containing about 160-200 species of flowering plants with a worldwide distribution. They are generally abundant in the subarctic, temperate and subantarctic regions, whereas in the subtropics and tropics they are restricted to the cool montane biomes, such as the New Guinea Highlands where they are plentiful.
The taxonomy of the genus has varied between different botanists, but the modern trend is to include the previously recognised genera ''Boisduvalia, Chamaenerion, Chamerion, Pyrogennema'' and ''Zauschneria'' within ''Epilobium''. ''Chamerion'' might be distinct, however,〔Wagner & Hoch ()〕 according to Peter H. Raven, who has extensively studied the willowherbs and merges the other segregate genera into ''Epilobium''. Fringed willowherb (''E. ciliatum'') is likely a cryptic species complex; apparently these plants also commonly hybridize with their congeners.〔Bleeker ''et al.'' (2007)〕
Most species are known by the common name willowherbs; in particular, those that were once separated in ''Boisduvalia'' are called spike-primroses or boisduvalias. Yet other species, namely those in the ''Chamerion'' group, are also known as fireweeds.
==Description and ecology==

They are mostly herbaceous plants, either annual or perennial; a few are subshrubs. The leaves are mostly opposite or whorled, alternate in a few species, simple, and ovate to lanceolate in shape. The flowers have four petals often notched.〔Webb,D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. ''An Irish Flora.'' Dundaldan Press (W. Tempest) Ltd, Dundalk. ISBN 0-85221-131-7〕 These are usually smallish and pink in most species, but red, orange or yellow in a few, and large and bright magenta in the ''Chamerion'' group. The fruit is a slender cylindrical capsule containing numerous seeds embedded in fine, soft silky fluff which disperses the seeds very effectively in the wind.
Willowherbs are typically very quick to carpet large swathes of ground and may become key or dominant species of local ecosystems. In and around the United Kingdom, for example, rosebay willowherb (''E. angustifolium'') is widely found in mesotrophic grassland dominated by false oat-grass (''Arrhenatherum elatius''), cock's-foot (''Dactylis glomerata''), and red fescue (''Festuca rubra''), while great willowherb (''Epilobium hirsutum'') is found in mesotrophic grassland with stinging nettle (''Urtica dioica''). These two willowherb species are also seen to dominate open habitat early in ecological succession, to the virtual exclusion of other plant life. Broad-leaved willowherb (''Epilobium montanum'') is found characteristically, though not abundantly, in the mesotrophic grasslands with meadowsweet (''Filipendula ulmaria'') and sometimes the uncommon Greek valerian (''Polemonium caeruleum''), which are peculiar to the Pennines. Most willowherbs will not tolerate shade trees and thus are limited to more recently disturbed patches, yielding to other plants over time. Consequently, though the genus contains many pioneer plants, rather few of them are invasive weeds of major importance.
''Epilobium'' species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera species, including:

Geometridae
* Grey Pug (''Eupithecia subfuscata''), recorded on several species
* Double-striped Pug (''Gymnoscelis rufifasciata''), recorded on fireweed (''E. angustifolium'')
Noctuidae
* Mouse Moth (''Amphipyra tragopoginis''), recorded on several species
* Small Angle Shades (''Euplexia lucipara''), recorded on several species
* The Gothic (''Naenia typica''), recorded on fireweed
* Hebrew Character (''Orthosia gothica''), recorded on fireweed
* Australian Grapevine Moth (''Phalaenoides glycinae''), recorded on fringed willowherb (''E. ciliatum'')
* Setaceous Hebrew Character (''Xestia c-nigrum''), recorded on fireweed
Sphingidae
* Elephant Hawk-moth (''Deilephila elpenor''), recorded on several species
* Small Elephant Hawk-moth (''Deilephila porcellus''), recorded on several species
* White-lined Sphinx (''Hyles lineata''), recorded on several species

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