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Epsychology is a form of psychological intervention delivered via information and communication technology.〔Kraft, P., Drozd, F. & Olsen, E. (2009). "ePsychology: Designing theory-based health promotion interventions". ''Communications of the Association of Information Systems'', 24, 399–426.〕 epsychology interventions have most commonly been applied in areas of health; examples are depression,〔Andersson, G. & Kaldo, V. (2004). "Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for tinnitus". ''Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session'', 60, 171–178.〕 adherence to medication,〔Ross, S.E., Moore, L.A., Earnest, M.A., Wittevrongel, L. & Lin, C.T. (2004). "Providing a web-based online medical record with electronic communication capabilities to patients with congestive heart failure: Randomized trial". ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'', 6: e12.〕 and smoking cessation.〔Brendryen, H., Drozd, F. & Kraft, P. (2008). "A digital smoking cessation program delivered through internet and cell phone without nicotine replacement (Happy Ending): Randomized controlled trial". ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'', 10: e51.〕 Future applications of epsychology interventions are likely to become increasingly more common in information, organization, and management sciences (e.g. organizational change, conflict management and negotiation skills). Recently, several meta-analyses have documented the effects of epsychology interventions.〔Barak, A., Hen, L., Boniel-Nissim, M. & Shapira, N. (2008). "A comprehensive review and a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of Internet-based psychotherapeutic interventions". ''Journal of Technology in Human Services'', 26, 109–160.〕〔Portnoy, D.B., Lori, A.J., Sheldon, S., Johnson, B.T. & Carey, M.P. (2008). "Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: A meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988–2007". ''Preventive Medicine'', 47, 3–16.〕〔Webb, T.L., Joseph, J., Yardley, L. & Michie, S. (2010). "Using the Internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy". ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'', 12(1): e4.〕 In general, it appears that intensive theory-based interventions that include multiple behaviour change techniques and modes of delivery (e.g. mobile phones and the Internet) are the most effective.〔 More specifically, interventions based on the theory of planned behaviour〔Ajzen, I. (1991). "The theory of planned behaviour". ''Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes'', 50, 179–211.〕 and cognitive-behavioural therapy〔 seem to provide the most promising results. These findings should, however, be interpreted with caution as many research articles fail to report the theoretical underpinnings of epsychology interventions adequately.〔Walters, S.T., Wright, J.A. & Shegog, R. (2006). "A review of computer and Internet-based interventions for smoking behavior". ''Addictive Behaviors'', 31, 264–277.〕 ==Business and commercialization== Lifestyle and non-communicable diseases, such as excessive alcohol consumption, depression, and physical inactivity, are the leading causes of morbidity and premature mortality.〔Word Health Organization (2002). ''The world health report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life''. Geneva, Switzerland.〕 Thus, there is a great potential for utilizing epsychology to reach out and deliver prevention and treatment to the public by means of information technology. Information technology has a high scalability and given the usage and population statistics on, for example, Internet technology,〔Miniwatts Marketing Group (2009). ''World Internet users and population stats: Internet world stats 30 September 2009''. From: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm. Retrieved 17 November 2009.〕 researchers argue that we simply cannot afford to ignore information technology as a viable approach to public health.〔Griffiths, M. (2005). "Online therapy for addictive behaviours". ''CyberPsychology & Behaviour'', 8, 555–561.〕 Among the first companies to take advantage of the new technological opportunities combined with state-of-the-art psychological research were Health Media in the US (later acquired by Johnson & Johnson) and the privately held Changetech AS in Norway. Epsychology interventions are considered a supplement to existing treatments rather than a substitute, although such interventions can be used as a stand-alone treatment given that they are more cost-effective than standard treatment. Pharmaceutical companies Janssen-Cilag and Novartis were also early out with patient-support programs that came with the patients' medication. The purpose in such programs is primarily to help patients take their medication as prescribed. A lack of medical compliance is a serious health problem even among patients diagnosed with severe and potentially fatal diseases such as cancer〔Atkins, L. & Fallowfield, L. (2006). "Intentional and non-intentional non-adherence to medication amongst breast cancer patients". ''European Journal of Cancer'', 42, 2271–2276.〕 or HIV/AIDS.〔Stephenson, J. (1999). "AIDS researchers target poor adherence". ''Journal of the American Medical Association'', 281, 1069.〕 In fact, in one study about 70% of hospital visits for adverse drug reactions were caused by inadequate medical compliance.〔Senst, B.L., Achusim, L.E., Genest, R.P., Cosentino, L.A., Ford, C.C. et al. (2001). "Practical approach to determining costs and frequency of adverse drug events in a health care network". ''American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy'', 58, 1126–1132.〕 Although patient-support programs may lack in theoretical orientation, it is clear that they try to help patients manage an inherent psychological problem. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Epsychology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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