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Erromintxela () is the distinctive language of a group of Romani living in the Basque Country, who also go by the name Erromintxela. It is sometimes called ''Basque Caló''〔Ethnologue (''Languages of Spain'' ) Retrieved 3 July 2009.〕 or ''Errumantxela''〔Matras, Y. ''A Linguistic Introduction'' Cambridge University Press (2002) ISBN 0-521-63165-3〕 in English; ''caló vasco, romaní vasco,'' or ''errominchela'' in Spanish; and ''euskado-rromani''〔Langues d'Europe et de la Méditerranée (LEM) (''La langue rromani en Europe'' ) Retrieved 3 July 2009.〕 or ''euskado-romani''〔Lougarot, Nicole ''Bohémiens'' Gatuzain Argitaletxea: 2009 ISBN 2-913842-50-X〕 in French. Although detailed accounts of the language date to the end of the 19th century, linguistic research only began in the 1990s. Erromintxela is a mixed language (referred to as Para-Romani in Romani linguistics〔), deriving most of its vocabulary from Kalderash Romani but using Basque grammar, similar to the way the Angloromani language of the Roma in England mixes Romani vocabulary and English grammar. The development of this mixed language was facilitated by the unusually deep integration of the Erromintxela people into Basque society and the resultant bilingualism in Basque. The language is in decline; most of the perhaps one thousand remaining speakers live on the coast of Labourd and in the mountainous regions of Soule, Navarre, Gipuzkoa and Biscay.〔Agirrezabal, Lore ''Erromintxela, euskal ijitoen hizkera'' Argia, San Sebastián (09-2003)〕 The Erromintxela are the descendants of a 15th-century wave of Kalderash Roma who entered the Basque Country via France.〔Brea, Unai ''Hiretzat goli kherautzen dinat, erromeetako gazi mindroa'' Argia, San Sebastián (03-2008)〕 Both ethnically and linguistically, they are distinct from the Caló-speaking Romani people in Spain and the Cascarot Romani people of the Northern Basque Country. ==Name== The origin of the name Erromintxela is unclear and may be of relatively recent origin; Basque speakers had previously grouped the Erromintxela under more general terms for Romani such as ''ijitoak'' "Egyptians", ''ungrianok'' "Hungarians", or ''buhameak'' "Bohemians".〔 However, a number of authors believe it to be a Basque rendering of the French name ''romanichel'' or ''romané-michel,''〔〔Macritchie, D. (1886) ''Accounts Of The Gypsies Of India'' New Society Publications, New Delhi; 2007 Reprint ISBN 978-1-4067-5005-8〕 a name attested primarily in the vicinity of the Pyrenees and in particular the Northern Basque Country.〔 ''Romanichel'' is in turn a French rendering of the Romani phrase ''Romani čel'' "Romani person".〔Wood, M. (1973) ''In the Life of a Romany Gypsy'' Routledge ISBN 978-0-7100-7595-6〕 Though now uncommon in France, it is found in the names of the British Ròmanichal〔Council of Europe ("Roma and Travellers Glossary" ) Retrieved 9 August 2009.〕 and the Scandinavian Romanisæl, all descendants, like the Erromintxela, of a group of Roma who had migrated to France.〔Hancock, I. (2001) ''A Glossary of Romani Terms, p. 182'' in Weyrauch, W. ''Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture'' University of California Press ISBN 978-0-520-22186-4〕 Early attestations of the name in Basque include ''Errama-itçéla, Erroumancel,''〔〔Mérimée, P. (1930) ''Lettres a Francisque Michel (1848-1870) & Journal de Prosper Mérimée (1860-1868)'' Paris, Librarie Ancienne Honoré Champion (pages 118-119)〕 later ''errumanzel'' and ''erremaitzela.''〔Auñamendi Entziklopedia ("Diccionario Auñamendi - Gitano" ) Retrieved 29 July 2009.〕 The initial ''E-'' is the Basque prosthetic vowel,〔 added because no Basque word may begin with an ''R-,'' and the final ''-a'' is the absolutive case suffix, used when citing a name. If this etymology is correct, it is a rare case of a native Romani name for themselves (an endonym) being borrowed by another language. The people identify themselves as ''ijitoak,'' Basque for "gypsies", but more specifically as Erromintxela, in contrast to the Caló Romani,〔 whom they refer to as the ''xango-gorriak,'' Basque for "red-legs".〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Erromintxela language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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