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The Catawba — also known as Issa or Essa or Iswä but most commonly ''Iswa'' (Catawba: ''iswa'' - “people of the river”) — are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans, known as the Catawba Indian Nation. They live in the Southeast United States, along the border of North Carolina near the city of Rock Hill, South Carolina. The Catawba were once considered one of the most powerful Southeastern Siouan-speaking tribes in the Carolina Piedmont. The Catawba and other Siouan peoples are believed to have coalesced as individual tribes in the Southeast. Living along the Catawba River they were named one of the most powerful tribes in the south. Primarily involved in agriculture, the Catawba were friendly toward early European colonists. They were at almost constant war with tribes of other major language families: the Iroquois, who ranged south from the Great Lakes area and New York; the Algonquian Shawnee and Delaware; and the Iroquoian Cherokee, who fought for control over the large Ohio Valley (including what is now in present-day West Virginia).〔Sultzman, Lee. (Catawba History. ) ''Clay Hound: Native American Traditional Pottery.'' (retrieved 14 March 2009)〕 The Catawba allied during the American Revolutionary War with the Patriot colonists against the British. Decimated by earlier smallpox epidemics, tribal warfare and social disruption, the Catawba declined markedly in number in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The people ceded their homeland to South Carolina in 1840 by a treaty; it was not approved by the United States Senate and was automatically invalid. Terminated as a tribe by the federal government in 1959, the Catawba Indian Nation reorganized to reassert its government. In 1973 began its struggle to gain federal recognition. It accomplished this in 1993, along with a $50 million settlement by the federal government and state of South Carolina of its longstanding land claims. It was also officially recognized by the state of North Carolina in 1993. Its headquarters is at Rock Hill, South Carolina. , the population of the Catawba Nation has increased to about 2600, most in South Carolina, with smaller groups in Oklahoma, Colorado, and elsewhere. The Catawba Reservation (), located in two disjoint sections in York County, South Carolina east of Rock Hill, reported a 2010 census population of 841 inhabitants. The Catawban language, which is being revived, is part of the Siouan family (Catawban branch).〔(William C. Sturtevant, "Siouan Languages in the East" ), ''American Anthropologist'', New Series, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Aug 1958), pp. 738–743 (retrieved through Jstor.org, 14 March 2009)〕 ==History== From the earliest period, the Catawba have also been known as ''Esaw'', or ''Issa'' (Catawba ''iswä'', "river"), from their residence on the principal stream of the region. They called both the present-day Catawba and Wateree rivers ''Iswa''. The Iroquois frequently included them under the general term ''Totiri'', or ''Toderichroone'', also known as ''Tutelo''. The Iroquois collectively used this term to apply to all the southern Siouan-speaking tribes. Albert Gallatin (1836) classified the Catawba as a separate, distinct group among Siouan tribes. When the linguist Albert Samuel Gatschet visited them in 1881 and obtained a large vocabulary showing numerous correspondences with Siouan, linguists classified them with the Siouan-speaking peoples. Further investigations by Horatio Hale, Gatschet, James Mooney, and James Owen Dorsey proved that several tribes of the same region were also of Siouan stock. The linguistic forms and traditional evidence all point to this eastern region as the place of origin and coalescence of the Siouan tribes from cultures of indigenous ancestors. In the late nineteenth century, the ethnographer Henry Rowe Schoolcraft recorded the purported Catawba traditions about their history, including that they had lived in Canada until driven out by the Iroquois (supposedly with French help). They migrated to Kentucky and to Botetourt County, Virginia. By 1660 they had migrated south to the Catawba River, contesting it with the Cherokee in the area. But, 20th-century anthropologist James Mooney later dismissed most elements of Schoolcraft's record as "absurd, the invention and surmise of the would-be historian who records the tradition." He pointed out that, aside from the French never having been known to help the Iroquois, the Catawba had been recorded by 1567 in the same area of the Catawba River as their later territory. Mooney accepted the tradition that the Catawba and Cherokee had made the Broad River their mutual boundary, following a protracted struggle.〔Mooney, ''Siouan Tribes of the East'' p. 69.〕 The Catawba were long in a state of warfare with northern tribes, particularly the Iroquois Seneca, and the Algonquian-speaking Lenape, a people who had occupied coastal areas and had become vassals of the Iroquois after migrating out of traditional areas due to European encroachment. The Catawba chased their raiding parties back to the north in the 1720s and 1730s, going across the Potomac River. At one point, a party of Catawba is said to have followed a party of Lenape who attacked them, and to have overtaken them near Leesburg, Virginia. There they fought a pitched battle.〔''Legends of Loudoun'', Harrison Williams, p. 63–64〕 Similar encounters in this longstanding warfare were reported to have occurred at present-day Franklin, West Virginia (1725),〔Frederic Morton, ''The Story of Winchester in Virginia'' p. 38〕 Hanging Rocks and the mouth of the Potomac South Branch in West Virginia, and near the mouths of Antietam Creek (1736) and Conococheague Creek in Maryland.〔Joseph Doddridge, 1850, ''A History of the Valley of Virginia'', pp. 29–33.〕 Mooney asserted that the name of Catawba Creek in Botetourt came from an encounter in these wars with the northern tribes, not from the Catawba having lived there. The colonial governments of Virginia and New York held a council at Albany, New York in 1721, attended by delegates from the Six Nations (''Haudenosaunee'') and the Catawba. The colonists asked for peace between the Confederacy and the Catawba. The American Indians promised to stay in their own territories; the Iroquois agreed to stay north of the Potomac. The colonists gained the tribes' permission for European-American colonists to use the Indian Road or Great Warriors' Path (later called the Great Wagon Road) through the Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia backcountry without interference from the Native Americans. This heavily traveled path, used for centuries by the Native Americans, went through the Shenandoah Valley to the South. In 1738, a smallpox epidemic broke out in South Carolina. It caused many deaths, not only among the Anglo-Americans, but especially among the Catawba and other tribes, such as the Sissipahaw. They had no natural immunity to the disease, which had been endemic in Europe for centuries. In 1759, a smallpox epidemic killed nearly half the tribe. Native Americans suffered high fatalities from such infectious Eurasian diseases. In 1744 the Treaty of Lancaster, made at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, renewed the Covenant Chain between the Iroquois and the colonists. The governments had not been able to prevent settlers going into Iroquois territory, but the governor of Virginia offered the tribe payment for their land claim. The peace was probably final for the Iroquois, who had established the Ohio Valley as their preferred hunting ground by right of conquest. The more western tribes continued warfare against the Catawba, who were so reduced that they could raise little resistance. In 1762, a small party of Algonquian Shawnee killed the noted Catawba chief, King Hagler, near his own village. From this time, the Catawba ceased to be of importance except in conjunction with the colonists. In 1763, South Carolina confirmed a reservation for the Catawba of 15 miles square, on both sides of the Catawba River, within the present York and Lancaster counties. When British troops approached during the American Revolutionary War in 1780, the Catawba withdrew temporarily into Virginia. They returned after the Battle of Guilford Court House, and settled in two villages on the reservation. These were known as Newton, the principal village, and Turkey Head, on opposite sides of Catawba River. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Catawba people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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