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Eskender
Eskender (or Alexander, ''iskindir'') (15 July 1471 – 7 May 1494) was Emperor (''(unicode:nəgusä nägäst)'') (1478–1494) of Ethiopia (throne name Kwestantinos II Ge'ez ቈስታንቲኖስ qʷastāntīnōs or Constantine II), and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the son of Emperor Baeda Maryam I by Romna.
== Reign ==
Due to his young age, his authority required a regent; a council was formed of his mother Queen Romna, Tasfa Giyorgis (the abbot of the monastery of Lake Hayq), and the Bitwoded Amda Mikael. However, Queen Romna withdrew from this arrangement early on, entering a convent near Debre Libanos where she lived until her death; Abbot Tasfa Giyorgis proved no match for the experienced Bitwoded, and according to Taddesse Tamrat Amda Mikael "ruled the kingdom almost single handed."〔Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 286.〕 Betwoded Amda Mikael's rule came to an end around 1486 when a palace coup led by the Emperor's step-grandmother Queen Mother Eleni resulted in his deposition and execution. Queen Eleni thereafter played a leading role in the Emperor's government.
Eskender's most significant military accomplishment was sacking Dakkar, the capital of the Adal Sultanate, in 1478; despite this achievement, as he led his army back home, the larger Adal army under amir Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din overtook them, killing many of his men and taking many prisoners. Eskender was said to have escaped capture only through the assistance of angels, and afterwards he built a church named Debere Meshwa'e, "Place of Sacrifice".〔Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), pp. 121f〕 There is some disagreement over the context of this campaign. One view is presented by James Bruce, who adds that Zasillus, governor of Amhara, had been commanded to mobilize the forces in the south while Eskender himself raised levies from Angot and Tigray; according to Bruce, Eskender was responding to the predations of Mahfuz of Zeila.〔Bruce, ''Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile'' (1805 edition), vol. 3, pp. 144f〕 More recent scholars, such as Richard Pankhurst, hold that Eskender's sack of Dakkar led to Amir Muhammad to seek peace with the Ethiopians, but he was outmaneuvered by Mahfuz.〔
There are also conflicting versions of Emperor Eskender's death, which occurred when he was only 22. One source holds he was killed fighting the Maya, a vanished ethnic group known for using poisoned arrows, east of Enderta.〔G.W.B. Huntingford, ''The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'', (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 109.〕 On the other hand, both Bruce and the explorer Richard Burton writes that Eskender was assassinated at Tegulet: Bruce stating that Zasillus of Amhara was responsible,〔Bruce, ''Travels'', vol. 3 pp. 145f〕 while Burton claiming that Mahfuz had him assassinated.〔Burton, ''First Footsteps in East Africa'' (York: Praeger, 1966 ), p. 179)〕 He was buried in the church of Atronsa Maryam, which his father had begun construction on.〔("Local History in Ethiopia" ) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 28 January 2008)〕 His early death immediately led to civil war. While the court kept the Emperor's death a secret, one major noble, Zasillus, immediately marched to the royal prison of Amba Geshen, freed Na'od, and proclaimed him Emperor. Another noble Tekle Kristos, who had remained at the Imperial court, championed Eskender's son Amda Seyon II as emperor. Although Tekle Kristos' forces defeated the followers of Zasillus, warfare continued through the realm.〔Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State'', p. 292.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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