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ß
In the German alphabet, the letter ß, called "Eszett" () or "scharfes S", in English "sharp S", is a consonant that evolved as a ligature of "long s and z" (''ſz'') and "long s over round s" (''ſs''). It is pronounced (see IPA). Since the German orthography reform of 1996, it is used only after long vowels and diphthongs while ''ss'' is written after short vowels. The name eszett comes from the two letters S and Z as they are pronounced in German.〔In Hungarian, whose orthography has been influenced by German, the digraph ''sz'' is likewise used for ().〕 In German, it is also called ''scharfes S'' (, meaning "sharp S". Its Unicode encoding is U+00DF.
While the letter "ß" has been used in other languages, it is now only used in German. However, it is not used in Switzerland, Liechtenstein or Namibia.〔(Leitfaden zur deutschen Rechtschreibung (English: ''Guide to German Orthography''), 3rd edition 2007 ) from the Swiss Federal Chancellery, retrieved 22-Apr-2012〕 German speakers in Germany, Austria, Belgium,〔(Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft in Belgien: Zuständigkeiten ) retrieved 22-Apr-2012〕 Denmark,〔(Website of the German-language Danish newspaper „Der Nordschleswiger“ ) retrieved 22-Apr-2012〕 Luxembourg〔Mady Delvaux-Stehres: ''Communiqué – Reorganization of the German orthography in the Luxembourgian educational system'' 3. August 2005 ((Luxembourg Ministry of Education )) retrieved 22-Apr-2012〕 and South Tyrol, Italy〔(Example of South Tyrol usage in a newsletter: Landmaus Nr 12 ) retrieved 22-Apr-2012〕 follow the standard rules for ß.
== History ==
The earliest occurrence of ß is in the "Wolfdietrich fragment", which was written around 1300 AD. In blackletter texts it was used as a ligature of "long s and small z" (ſz), more precisely tailed z.
In some of the fonts emerging in the fifteenth century, it was a ligature of "long s and round s" (ſs). By the time Antiqua for German texts began to be applied, the development of the language and use of "ß" had changed again (see Antiqua–Fraktur dispute). There remains no clear clarification of the origin of the letter "ß".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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