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|FSI_year = 2007 |FSI_rank = 18th |FSI_category = Alert |currency = Birr |currency_code = ETB |country_code = ETH |time_zone = EAT |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = right |calling_code = +251 |cctld = .et }} Ethiopia (; (アムハラ語:ኢትዮጵያ), ', ), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With over 100 million inhabitants,〔 Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world, as well as the second-most populous nation on the African continent after Nigeria. It occupies a total area of , and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some of the oldest evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia, which is widely considered the region from which ''Homo sapiens'' first set out for the Middle East and points beyond. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era.〔 Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC, Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history. During the first centuries AD the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region.〔''Ancient India, A History Textbook'' for Class XI, Ram Sharan Sharma, National Council of Educational Research and Training, India〕〔Munro-Hay, p. 57〕〔Henze, Paul B. (2005) ''Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia'', ISBN 1-85065-522-7.〕〔Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include Osroene, the Silures, San Marino, Armenia and Caucasian Albania. See Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity〕 followed by Abyssinia circa 1137. Ethiopia derived prestige with its uniquely successful military resistance during the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa, becoming the only African country to defeat a European colonial power and retain its sovereignty. Subsequently, many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag following their independence. It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations and the United Nations.〔Contributor. ("The Reporter – English Edition" ). ''thereporterethiopia.com''.〕 In 1974, at the end of Haile Selassie's reign, power fell to a communist military junta known as the Derg, backed by the Soviet Union, until it was defeated by the EPRDF, which has ruled since about the time of the collapse of the USSR in 1991. Ethiopia is a multilingual nation with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups, the four largest of which are the Amhara, Oromo, Tigryan and Somali. Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches. Additionally, Omotic languages are spoken by Omotic ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions, and languages from the Nilo-Saharan phylum are also spoken by the nation's Nilotic ethnic minorities. Ethiopia is the origin of the coffee bean. It is a land of natural contrasts, with its vast fertile West, jungles, and numerous rivers, the world's hottest settlement of Dallol in its north, Africa's largest continuous mountain ranges and the largest cave in Africa at Sof Omar. Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa.〔("Ethiopia: Most World Heritage Sites in Africa | Deep from an Ethiopian – An Ethiopian blog" ). ''deepethiopian.com''.〕 Ethiopia's ancient Ge'ez script, also known as ''Ethiopic'', is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world. The Ethiopian calendar, which is seven years and around three months behind the Gregorian calendar, co-exists alongside the Oromo calendar. A slight majority of the population adheres to Christianity (mainly the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Pentay), while around a third follows Islam (primarily the Sunni denomination). The country is the site of the Hijrah to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash. A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews, known as Beta Israel, resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s but most of them have since gradually emigrated to Israel.〔Weil, Shalva (2008) "Jews in Ethiopia", pp. 467–475 in ''Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora'', Vol. 2. M.A. Erlich (ed.). Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO.〕〔Weil, Shalva (2011) "Ethiopian Jews", pp. 165–166 in ''Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture''. Judith Baskin (ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.〕 Ethiopia is one of the founding members of the UN, the Group of 24 (G-24), the Non-Aligned Movement, G-77 and the Organisation of African Unity, with Addis Ababa serving as the headquarters of the African Union, the Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the UNECA, African Aviation Training HQ, the African Standby Force and much of global NGOs focused on Africa. Despite being the main source of the Nile, the longest river on Earth, Ethiopia underwent a series of famines in the 1980s, exacerbated by civil wars and adverse geopolitics. The country has begun to recover recently and now has the largest economy (by GDP) in East Africa and Central Africa.〔(Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion ). Imf.org (14 September 2006). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.〕〔(Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion ). Imf.org (14 September 2006). Retrieved on 3 March 2012.〕 According to Global Fire Power, Ethiopia has the 46th most powerful military in the world.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp )〕 ==Names== The Greek name Αἰθιοπία (from , ''Aithiops'', 'an Ethiopian') appears twice in the ''Iliad'' and three times in the ''Odyssey''.〔Histories, book 2, chapters 29 and 146; book 3 chapter 17 Odyssey, book 1, lines 22–23; book 4, line 84〕 The Greek historian Herodotus specifically uses it for all the lands south of Egypt,〔Histories, II, 29–30; III, 114; IV, 197〕 including Sudan and modern Ethiopia. Pliny the Elder says the country's name comes from a son of Hephaestus (also called Vulcan) named 'Aethiops'.〔''Nat. Hist.'' 6.184–187; ''son of Hephaestus'' was also a general Greek epithet meaning "blacksmith" .〕 Similarly, in the 15th century Ge'ez ''Book of Aksum'', the name is ascribed to a legendary individual called ''Ityopp'is'', an extrabiblical son of Cush, son of Ham, said to have founded the city of Axum. In addition to this Cushite figure, two of the earliest Semitic kings are also said to have borne the name ''Ityopp'is'' according to traditional Ethiopian king lists. At least as early as c. 850,〔Etymologicum Genuinum s.v. Αἰθιοπία; see also Aethiopia〕 European scholars considered the name to be derived from the Greek words ''aitho'' "I burn" + ''ops'' "face".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Aithiops, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', at Perseus )〕 The name ''Ethiopia'' also occurs in many translations of the Old Testament, but the Hebrew texts have Kush, which refers principally to Nubia.〔Cp. Ezekiel 29:10〕 In the New Testament, however, the Greek term Aithiops, 'an Ethiopian', does occur,〔Acts 8:27〕 referring to a servant of Candace or ''Kentakes'', possibly an inhabitant of ''Meroe'' which was later conquered and destroyed by the Kingdom of Axum. The earliest attested use of the name ''Ityopya'' in the region itself is as a name for the Kingdom of Aksum in the 4th century, in stone inscriptions of King Ezana, who first Christianized the entire apparatus of the kingdom. In English, and generally outside of Ethiopia, the country was also once historically known as Abyssinia, derived from ''Habesh'', an early Arabic form of the Ethiosemitic name "Ḥabaśāt" (unvocalized "ḤBŚT"). The modern form ''Habesha'' is the native name for the country's inhabitants (while the country has been called "Ityopp'ya"). In a few languages, Ethiopia is still referred to by names cognate with "Abyssinia", e.g., modern Arabic ''Al-Ḥabashah''. ==History== (詳細は -----> 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ethiopia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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