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:''For the family commonly called "euphorbias", see Euphorbiaceae'' ''Euphorbia'' (spurge) is a very large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). Sometimes in ordinary English, "euphorbia" is used to refer to the entire Euphorbiaceae family (as the type genus), not just to members of the genus.〔(Euphorbia, Merriam Webster Dictionary )〕 Some euphorbias are well known and widely commercially available, such as Poinsettias at Christmas. Some are commonly cultivated as ornamentals, or collected and highly valued for the aesthetic appearance of their unique floral structures, such as the Crown of Thorns plant. Euphorbias from the deserts of Southern Africa and Madagascar have evolved physical characteristics and forms similar to cacti of North and South America, so they (along with various other kinds of plants) are often incorrectly referred to as "cacti",〔(Cacti or Not? Many plants look like cacti but are not, CactiGuide.com )〕 although they are far from being related as plants, see below. Some are used as ornamentals in landscaping, because of beautiful or striking overall forms, and drought and heat tolerance.〔〔 Botanists may be fascinated by the diversity or bizarreness of some of the floral structures, and by the range of growth forms and adaptations to such a wide range of habitats. Euphorbias range from tiny annual plants to large and long-lived trees.〔(Plant Guide, Genus: Spurge - Euphorbia, ''Fine Gardening'' )〕 The genus has over〔 or about 2,000 members,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=WCSP )〕 making it one of the largest genera of flowering plants.〔(Euphorbia Botany Lesson, Garden Web )〕 It also has one of the largest ranges of chromosome counts, along with ''Rumex'' and ''Senecio''.〔 ''Euphorbia antiquorum'' is the type species for the genus ''Euphorbia''. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in ''Species Plantarum''. The plants share the feature of having a poisonous, milky, white latex-like sap, and unusual and unique kind of floral structures.〔 The genus may be described by properties of its members' gene sequences, or by the shape and form (morphology) of its heads of flowers. When viewed as a whole, the head of flowers looks like a single flower (a pseudanthium).〔Project Page Introduction, Euphorbia Planetary Biodiversity Inventory project, ()〕 It has a unique kind of pseudanthium, called a cyathium, where each flower in the head is reduced to its barest essential part needed for sexual reproduction.〔 The individual flowers are either male or female, with the male flowers reduced to only the stamen, and the females to the pistil.〔 These flowers have no sepals, petals, or other parts that are typical of flowers in other kinds of plants.〔 Structures supporting the flower head and beneath that have evolved to attract pollinators with nectar, and with shapes and colors that function the way petals and other flower parts do in other flowers. It is the only genus of plants that has all three kinds of photosynthesis, CAM, C3, and C4.〔 The genus can be found all over the world.〔 The forms range from annual plants laying on the ground, to well developed tall trees.〔 In deserts in Madagascar and southern Africa, convergent evolution has led to cactus-like forms where the plants occupy the same ecological niche as cacti do in deserts of North America and South America.〔 The genus is primarily found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and the Americas, but also in temperate zones worldwide. Succulent species originate mostly from Africa, the Americas and Madagascar. There exists a wide range of insular species. ==Misidentification as cacti== Among laypersons, ''Euphorbias'' are among the most commonly confused plant taxa with cacti, especially the stem succulents.〔(What's the Difference Between Cacti and Succulents?, About.com )〕 ''Euphorbias'' secrete a sticky, milky-white fluid with latex, but cacti do not.〔 Individual flowers of ''Euphorbias'' are usually tiny and nondescript (although structures around the individual flowers may not be), without petals and sepals, unlike cacti, which often have fantastically showy flowers.〔 Euphorbias from desert habitats with growth forms similar to cacti have thorns, which are different from the spines of cacti.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Euphorbia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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