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The term ''ex-ante'' (sometimes written ''ex ante'' or ''exante'') is a phrase meaning "before the event". ''Ex-ante'' is used most commonly in the commercial world, where results of a particular action, or series of actions, are forecast in advance (or intended). The opposite of ''ex-ante'' is ''ex-post'' (actual) (or ''ex post''). Examples: * In the financial world, the ''ex-ante return'' is the expected return of an investment portfolio. * In the recruitment industry, ''ex-ante'' is often used when forecasting resource requirements on large future projects. The ''ex-ante'' (and ''ex-post'') reasoning in economic topics was introduced mainly by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal in his 1927–39 work on monetary theory, who described it in this way: Focusing attention on the relation between saving and investment, Myrdal argued that one may without any contradiction consider that, as they are made by separate agents, ''ex ante'' saving and investment decisions are not at parity in general while ''ex post'' saving and investment are recorded in bookkeeping balance exactly: This analysis has become a standard tool in macroeconomics. Prices are quantities that directly refer to a point of time: they are determined at a point of time, after an ''ex ante'' adjustment process has taken place. As for the macroeconomic quantities, Myrdal proposed to refer to the point of time at which they are calculated. Gunnar Myrdal further explained that ''ex ante'' disparity and ''ex post'' balance are made consistent through price changes, which result from the behavior of economic agents, which is based on ''ex ante'' anticipations: In context of ''ex-ante'', the Swedish economist Myrdal also dealt with the question of the unit of time, which he proposed to solve by reducing the actual time-dimension of macroeconomic variables such as income, saving and investment to a point of time: Economist G. L. S. Shackle claimed the importance of Gunnar Myrdal´s analysis by which saving and investment are allowed to adjust ''ex ante'' to each other. However, the reference to ''ex ante'' and ''ex post'' analysis has become so usual in modern macroeconomics that the position of John Maynard Keynes to not include it in his work was currently considered as an oddity, if not a mistake. As Shackle put it: ==See also== * ''A priori'' * List of Latin phrases * ''Ex post facto'' law 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ex-ante」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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