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An enclave is any portion of a state that is entirely surrounded by the territory of a single other state. An exclave is a portion of a state geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.〔Exclave. Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989, p. 497〕 Many exclaves are also enclaves. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state.〔 Examples of enclaved countries include San Marino and Lesotho. Examples of exclaves include Nakhchivan and Campione d'Italia. Campione d'Italia is also an enclave. A pene‑e''n''clave is any portion of a state that has land borders with a single other state but is not completely surrounded by it or that state's territorial waters. A pene‑e''x''clave is a portion of a state that is geographically separated from the main part by land borders with alien territory but is not completely surrounded by it or alien territorial waters. Examples of pene-enclaved countries include Portugal and Canada. Examples of pene-exclaves include French Guiana, the Kaliningrad Oblast, and Alaska. Alaska is also a pene-enclave. An ''inaccessible district'', as used here, is a portion of a state ''not'' completely separated from the main part by alien territory, but that can only be ''reached'' easily by passing through alien territory. ==Origin and usage== The word ''enclave'' is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb ''enclaver'' (1283), from the colloquial Latin ''inclavare'' (to close with a key).〔Le Grand Robert, Dictionnaire de la langue française, 2001, vol.III, p. 946.〕 Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land.〔Le Grand Robert, p. 946.〕 In law, this created a ''servitude''〔''Servitude: Law. A right possessed by one person with respect to another's property, consisting either of a right to use the other's property, or a power to prevent certain uses of it''. Webster's, p. 1304.〕 of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered the English and other languages to denote the same concept although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket" is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts, and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions.〔As can be seen on 18th. century maps of Germany and other European countries by British cartographers and publishers such as R. Wilkinson.〕 In English ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also Royal Peculiar). The word ''exclave'', modeled on enclave,〔Exclave. Webster's, p. 497.〕 is a logical extension of the concept of enclave. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Enclave and exclave」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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