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Exploitation refers to social relations where an "actor or character of actors uses others for their own end because of a fundamentally asymmetric power relationship between them".〔"Exploitation", ''Encyclopedia of Power'', SAGE Publications, Inc.〕 When speaking about exploitation there is a direct affiliation with consumption in social theory. Traditionally, this would label exploitation as unfairly taking advantage of another person because of his or her inferior position, giving the exploiter the power. Karl Marx, who is considered the most classical and influential theorist of exploitation, did not share the same traditional account of exploitation. Marx's theory explicitly rejects the moral framing characteristic of the notion of exploitation, and restricts the concept to the field of labor relations. In analyzing exploitation, many political economists are often stuck between the explanation of the exploitation of labor given by Marx and Adam Smith.〔Horace L. Fairlamb, 'Adam's Smith's Other Hand: A Capitalist Theory of Exploitation', ''Social Theory and Practice'', 1996〕 ==Marxist exploitation theory== Marx's exploitation theory is one of the major elements analyzed in Marxian economics, and some social theorists consider it to be a cornerstone in Marxist thought. Marx credited the Scottish Enlightenment writers for originally propounding a materialist interpretation of history.〔Andrew Reeve, ''Modern Theories of Exploitation''"〕 In his ''Critique of the Gotha Program'', Marx set principles that were to govern the distribution of welfare under socialism and communism; these principles saw distribution to each person according to their work and needs. Exploitation is when these two principles are not met, when the agents are not receiving according to their work or needs.〔John Elster, "Exploring Exploitation", ''The Journal of Peace Research'', Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 3-17〕 This process of exploitation is a part of the redistribution of labor, occurring during the process of separate agents exchanging their current productive labor for social labor set in goods received.〔John E. Roemer, 'Should Marxists be Interested in Exploitation', ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'', Vol. 14, No. 1, 1985, pg 30-65〕 The labor put forth toward production is embodied in the goods and exploitation occurs when someone purchases a good, with their revenue or wages, for an amount unequal to the total labor he or she has put forth.〔John E. Roemer, "Origins of Exploitation and Class: Value Theory of Pre-Capitalist Economy", ''Econometrica'', Vol. 50, No. 1, 1982, pp. 163-192〕 This labor performed by a population over a certain time period is equal to the labor embodied to the goods that make up the net national product (NNP). The NNP is then parceled out to the members of the population in some way and this is what creates the two groups, or agents, involved in the exchange of goods: exploiters and exploited.〔 The exploiters are the agents able to command goods, with revenue from their wages, that are embodied with more labor than the exploiters themselves have put forth. These agents often have class status and ownership of productive assets that aid the optimization of exploitation. The exploiters would typically be the bourgeoisie. Meanwhile, the exploited are those who receive less than the average product he or she produces. If workers receive an amount equivalent to their average product, there is no revenue left over. Thus, these workers cannot enjoy the fruits of their own labors and the difference between what is made and what that can purchase cannot be justified by redistribution according to need.〔John Elster, "Exploring Exploitation", The Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 3-17〕 The exploited are the proletariat.〔"Exploitation", ''Encyclopedia of Social Theory'', SAGE Publications, Inc.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Exploitation of labour」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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