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Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.〔〔Chris Baldick ''Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms'', entry for Expressionism〕 Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning〔Victorino Tejera, 1966, pages 85,140, Art and Human Intelligence, Vision Press Limited, London〕 of emotional experience rather than physical reality.〔〔The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary, 1976 edition, page 294〕 Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic,〔Bruce Thompson, University of California, Santa Cruz, (lecture on WEIMAR CULTURE/KAFKA'S PRAGUE )〕 particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts, including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film and music. The term is sometimes suggestive of angst. In a general sense, painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco are sometimes termed expressionist, though in practice the term is applied mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on individual perspective has been characterized as a reaction to positivism and other artistic styles such as Naturalism and Impressionism.〔 page 241〕 ==Origin of the term== While the word expressionist was used in the modern sense as early as 1850, its origin is sometimes traced to paintings exhibited in 1901 in Paris by an obscure artist Julien–Auguste Hervé, which he called ''Expressionismes''.〔John Willett, ''Expressionism''. New York: World University Library, 1970, p.25; Richard Sheppard, "German Expressionism", in ''Modernism:1890–1930'', ed. Bradbury & McFarlane, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1976, p.274.〕 Though an alternate view is that the term was coined by the Czech art historian Antonin Matějček in 1910, as the opposite of impressionism: "An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself... (an Expressionist rejects) immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures... Impressions and mental images that pass through mental peoples soul as through a filter which rids them of all substantial accretions to produce their clear essence () are assimilated and condense into more general forms, into types, which he transcribes through simple short-hand formulae and symbols."〔Cited in Donald E. Gordon, ''Expressionism: Art and Ideas''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987, p. 175.〕 Important precursors of Expressionism were: the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), especially his philosophical novel ''Thus Spoke Zarathustra'' (1883–92); the later plays of the Swedish dramatist August Strindberg (1849–1912), including the trilogy ''To Damascus'' 1898–1901, ''A Dream Play'' (1902), ''The Ghost Sonata'' (1907); Frank Wedekind (1864–1918), especially the "Lulu" plays ''Erdgeist'' (''Earth Spirit'') (1895) and ''Die Büchse der Pandora'' (''Pandora's Box'') (1904); the American poet Walt Whitman (1819–92): ''Leaves of Grass'' (1855–91); the Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–81); Norwegian painter Edvard Munch (1863–1944); Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh (1853–90); Belgian painter James Ensor (1860–1949);〔R. S. Furness, ''Expressionism''. London: Methuen, pp.2–14; Willett, pp. 20–24.〕 Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). In 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brücke (the Bridge) in the city of Dresden. This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, though they did not use the word itself. A few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) in Munich. The name came from Wassily Kandinsky's Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903. Among their members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and Auguste Macke. However, the term Expressionism did not firmly establish itself until 1913.〔Richard Sheppard, p.274.〕 Though initially mainly a German artistic movement,〔Note the parallel French movement Fauvism and the English Vorticism: "The Fauvist movement has been compared to German Expressionism, both projecting brilliant colors and spontaneous brushwork, and indebted to the same late nineteenth-century sources, especially Van Gogh." Sabine Rewald, "Fauvism". In ''Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History''. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm (October 2004); and "Vorticism can be thought of as English Expressionism." Sherrill E. Grace, ''Regression and Apocalypse: Studies in North American Literary Expressionism''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989, p.26.〕 most predominant in painting, poetry and the theatre between 1910–30, most precursors of the movement were not German. Furthermore, there have been expressionist writers of prose fiction, as well as non-German speaking expressionist writers, and, while the movement had declined in Germany with the rise of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s, there were subsequent expressionist works. Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it "overlapped with other major 'isms' of the modernist period: with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism and Dada."〔Sherrill E. Grace, ''Regression and Apacaypse: Studies in North American Literary Expressionism''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989, p.26).〕 Richard Murphy also comments: "the search for an all-inclusive definition is problematic to the extent that the most challenging expressionists such as Kafka, Gottfried Benn and Döblin were simultaneously the most vociferous "anti-expressionists."〔Richard Murphy, ''Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, Expressionism, and the Problem of Postmodernity''. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1999, p.43.〕 What, however, can be said, is that it was a movement that developed in the early twentieth-century mainly in Germany in reaction to the dehumanizing effect of industrialization and the growth of cities, and that "one of the central means by which expressionism identifies itself as an avant-garde movement, and by which it marks its distance to traditions and the cultural institution as a whole is through its relationship to realism and the dominant conventions of representation."〔Richard Murphy, p.43.〕 More explicitly: that the expressionists rejected the ideology of realism.〔Murphy, especially pp. 43–48; and Walter H. Sokel, ''The Writer in Extremis''. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1959, especially Chapter One.〕 The term refers to an "artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person."〔''Brittanica online Encyclopaedia''(February, 2012).〕 It is arguable that all artists are expressive but there are many examples of art production in Europe from the 15th century onward which emphasize extreme emotion. Such art often occurs during times of social upheaval, such as the Protestant Reformation, German Peasants' War, Eight Years' War, and Spanish Occupation of the Netherlands, when the rape, pillage and disaster associated with periods of chaos and oppression are presented in the documents of the printmaker. Often the work is unimpressive aesthetically, yet has the capacity to cause the viewer to experience extreme emotions with the drama and often horror of the scenes depicted. Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as art historian Michel Ragon and German philosopher Walter Benjamin. According to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between the two is that "Expressionism doesn't shun the violently unpleasant effect, while Baroque does. Expressionism throws some terrific 'fuck yous', Baroque doesn't. Baroque is well-mannered." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Expressionism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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