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Eye-cup is the term describing a specific cup type in ancient Greek pottery, distinguished by pairs of eyes painted on the external surface. Classified as ''kylikes'' in terms of shape, they were especially widespread in Athens and Chalkis in the second half of the sixth century BC. The bowl of the eye-cup rests on a short squat foot; both sides are dominated by large painted pairs of eyes under arched eyebrows. The eyeballs are painted in silhouette style, later often filled with white paint or painted white on black. Some eyes are “female”, i.e. almond-shaped and without tear-ducts. Often, a stylized nose is placed centrally between the eyes. While used as a drinking vessel, due to the necessary inclination of the vessel, the cup with its painted eyes, the handles looking like ears and the base of the foot like a mouth, would have resembled a mask. Many of the vases also bear dionysiac imagery.〔Friedrich Wilhelm Handorf, in: Klaus Vierneisel, Bert Kaeser (Hrsg.), Kunst der Schale – Kultur des Trinkens, München 1990, p. 419 f.〕 The eyes are assumed to have served an apotropaic (evil-averting) function. == Types == Eye-cups were painted by various painters, mostly in the black-figure style, but later also in the red-figure technique. The earliest bilingual vases include specimens of eye-cups with a black-figure interior and a red-figure exterior. The introduction of this type and its specific decration into Attic vase painting is attributed to Exekias. His eye-cup in Munich, dated 530–540 BC, is considered a masterpiece of the type. It depicts Dionysos, lying in a symposiast posture on a ship. His divine nature is indicated by his attributem, a vine, growing from the mast. Other well-known examples of eye-cups are by the following painters or groups: * Amasis;he painted several eye-cups of a variant shape with non-carinated profile (Type B) 〔John Boardman, Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen, Übers. v. Florian Felten, Mainz 1977, ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 118〕 * Andokides 〔 * Antiphon Painter * Epiktetos with bilingual eye-cups 〔John Boardman, Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen, Übers. v. Florian Felten, Mainz 1977, ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 124〕 * Ghost Painter * Painter of the Nicosia Olpe * Hischylos * Krokotos Group 〔 * Leafless Group; they continued the basic eye-cup shape with later variants, often lacking the large pair of eyes.〔John Boardman, Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen, Übers. v. Florian Felten, Mainz 1977, ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 163〕 * Lydos Group * Lysippides Painter * Mastos Painter * Nikosthenes 〔 * Oltos with bilingual eye-cups 〔 * Pheidippos with bilinguals 〔 * Skythes, also with bilinguas 〔 * Group of Walters 48.42, specialising in frontal views of masks of Dionysos, and of satyrs and maenads between the eyes, and gorgoneia on the cup interior 〔 A special type is the Chalkidian style cup, of which further variants exist.〔John Boardman, Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen, Übers. v. Florian Felten, Mainz 1977, ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 119〕 Dating is often difficult, but the majority of eye-cups were probably produced between 540 and 500 BC, perhaps up to 480 BC.〔(Bettina Kratzmüller, Eine attisch schwarzfigurige Augenschale )〕 They were also exported to Italy in large quantities. The majority of vases of this type were found as grave goods in Etruscan chamber tombs. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eye-cup」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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