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Ezāfe ((ペルシア語:اضافه)), also written as ''izafet'', ''izafe'', ''izafat, izāfa,'' and ''izofa'', is a grammatical particle found in some Iranian languages which links two words together; in the Persian language it consists of the unstressed vowel ''-e-'' or ''-i-'' (''-ye-'' or ''-yi'' after vowels)〔The short vowel "-ِ" (known as ''Kasra'' or ''kasré'') is pronounced as ''-e-'' or ''-i-'' depending on the accent.〕 between the words it connects, and often approximately corresponds in usage to the English preposition "''of'' ". It is generally not indicated in writing in the Persian script,〔Simin Abrahams, ''Modern Persian'' (Routledge, 2005: ISBN 0-7007-1327-1), p. 25.〕 which is written without vowels- although it is indicated in Tajiki, which is written in the Cyrillic script. Common uses of the Persian ''ezafe'' are:〔Leila Moshiri, ''Colloquial Persian'' (Routledge, 1988: ISBN 0-415-00886-7), pp. 21–23.〕 *Possessive: ''barādar-e-Maryam'' 'Maryam's brother' (this can also apply to pronominal possession—''barādar-e man'' 'my brother'—but in speech it is much more common to use possessive suffixes: ''barādar-am''). *Adjective-noun: ''barādar-e-bozorg'' 'the big brother' *Given name/title-family name: ''Mohammad-e-Mosaddeq'' Mohammad Mosaddeq, ''āghā-ye-Mosaddeq'' Mr. Mosaddeq The Persian grammatical term ''ezāfe'' is borrowed from the Arabic concept of iḍāfa ("''addition''"), where it denotes a genitive construction between two or more nouns which is expressed using case endings. However, whereas the Iranian "ezafe" denotes a grammatical particle (or even a pronoun), in Arabic the word ''iḍāfa'' actually denotes the ''relationship'' between the two words; i.e. in Arabic, two words in an ''iḍāfa'' construction are said in English to be in "construct state" with each other (c.f. Semitic constructs). 〔 John Mace, ''Basic Arabic Workbook'' (Hippocrene, 2006: ISBN 0-7818-1126-0), p. 49. 〕 Besides Persian, ezafe is also found in other Iranian languages, as well as in Turkic languages, which have historically borrowed many phrases from Persian. Ottoman Turkish made extensive use of ezafe, borrowing it from Persian, (the official name of the Ottoman Empire was ''Devlet-i Âliye-i Osmaniyye''), although there it is transcribed as ''-i'' or ''ı'' rather than ''-e''. Ezafe is also used extensively in Urdu, although its use is mostly restricted to poetic settings, or to phrases imported wholesale from Persian, since Urdu usually expresses the genitive with the Hindustani declined possessive postposition ''kā''. ==Etymology== Originally, in Old Persian, nouns had case endings, just like every other early Indo-European language (such as Latin, Greek, and Proto-Germanic). A genitive construction would have looked much like an Arabic iḍāfa construct, with the first noun being in the nominative case, and the second being in the genitive case, as in Arabic or Latin. *:''vašnā Auramazdāha'' 'will of Auramazda' *::''vašnā'' 'will' (instrumentative case) *::''Auramazdāha'' 'Aura Mazda (God)' (genitive case)〔 http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/aveol-7-X.html 〕 However, over time, a relative pronoun such as ''tya'' or ''hya'' (meaning "which") began to be interposed between the first element and its genitive attribute. *:'' the will'' ''which'' ''(is) of Auramazdah'' Tisdall states that the modern Persian ezafe stems from this relative pronoun ''which'', which in Eastern Iranian languages (Avestan) was ''yo'' or ''yat.'' Pahlavi (Middle Persian) shortened it to -ī-, and after noun case endings passed out of usage, this relative pronoun ''which'' (pronounced () in New Persian), became a genitive "construct" marker. Thus the phrase *:''mard-e-xub'' really means "man ''which'' (is) good" rather than "good man."〔 W. St. Clair Tisdall, ''Modern Persian Conversation Grammar'' (London: Nutt, 1902), §40, §208. 〕 In other modern Iranian languages, such as Northern Kurdish, the "ezafe" particle is still a relative pronoun, which declines for gender and number. 〔 Geoffrey Haig, ''Linker, relativizer, nominalizer, tense-particle: On the Ezafe in West Iranian'' available at:http://www.engl.polyu.edu.hk/research/nomz/files/HAI.Iranian.final.pdf, p.2. Accessed 11/22/2013 〕 However, rather than translating it as "which," as its etymological origin suggests, a more accurate translation for the New Persian use of ezafe would be a linking genitive/attributive "of", or no translation in the case of adjectives. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ezāfe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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