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Far-right politics are right-wing politics to the right of the mainstream centre right on the traditional left-right spectrum. They often involve a focus on tradition as opposed to policies and customs that are regarded as reflective of modernism. They often have a disregard or disdain for egalitarianism, if not overt support for social inequality and social hierarchy, elements of social conservatism and opposition to most forms of liberalism and socialism. The terms are commonly used to describe fascism, neo-fascism and other ideologies or organizations that feature extreme nationalist, chauvinist, xenophobic, racist, or reactionary views.〔Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right'' (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.〕 Some far-right movements, such as the Nazis, have pursued oppression and genocide against groups of people on the basis of their alleged inferiority or their alleged threat to the nation or state.〔Hilliard, Robert L. and Michael C. Keith, ''Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right'' (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1999) p. 38.〕 ==Definition and terminology== Far-right politics commonly include authoritarianism, anti-communism, and nativism.〔Hilliard, Robert L. and Michael C. Keith, ''Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right'' (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc., 1999, p. 43〕 Often, the term "far right" is applied to fascists and neo-Nazis,〔Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right'' (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 694.〕〔Horst, Junginger, "The Study of Religion Under the Impact of Fascism" in Numen Book Series, vol. 117 (Brill, 2008) p. 273.〕〔Griffin, Roger: "The Palingenetic Core of Fascism", ''Che cos'è il fascismo? Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche'', Ideazione editrice, Rome, 2003 (AH.Brookes.ac.uk )〕〔Stackleberg, Rodney (''Hitler's Germany'' ), Routeledge, 1999, pp. 3–5〕〔Eatwell, Roger: "A 'Spectral-Syncretic Approach to Fascism', ''The Fascism Reader'', Routledge, 2003 pp 71–80 (Books.google.com )〕 and major elements of fascism have been deemed clearly far-right, such as its belief that supposedly superior people have the right to dominate society while purging allegedly inferior elements, and—in the case of Nazism—genocide of people deemed to be inferior.〔Woshinsky, Oliver H., ''Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior'' (Oxon, England; New York City, United States: Routledge, 2008) p. 156.〕 Claims that superior people should proportionally have greater rights than inferior people are sometimes associated with the far right.〔Oliver H. Woshinsky. ''Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior''. (Oxon, England; New York City, United States: Routledge, 2008) p. 155.〕 The far right has historically favoured an elitist society based on belief of the legitimacy of the rule of a supposed superior minority over the inferior masses.〔Oliver H. Woshinsky. ''Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior''. (Oxon, England; New York City, United States: Routledge, 2008) p. 154.〕 Far-right politics usually involves anti-immigration and anti-integration stances towards groups that are deemed inferior and undesirable.〔Parsons, Craig and Timothy M. Smeeding, ''Immigration and the transformation of Europe'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p. 18.〕 Concerning the socio-cultural dimension (nationality, culture and migration), one far-right position could be the view that certain ethnic, racial or religious groups should stay separate, and that the interests of one’s own group should be prioritised.〔 According to Christina Liang, this "academic field is especially peculiar about its terminology. Each label carries with it a specific understanding of this family of political parties as well as a particular set of assumptions regarding their origins and electoral success".〔Liang, C. (2007) ''Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right'', Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, p. 284–285〕 In an extensive survey of the literature, academic Cas Mudde found 26 definitions of right-wing extremism that contained 57 different ideological features.〔Fenemma, M. (1997), Some Conceptual Issues and Problems in the Comparison of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe, Party Politics October 1997 vol. 3 no. 4 473–492〕 Alongside the theoretical debate concerning the nature of these parties there is also an empirical debate concerning who speaks for right-wing extremist parties and how to measure their ideology given that many reject the right-wing extremist label being applied to them. One issue when it comes to terminology is whether parties should be labelled "radical" or "extreme",〔 a distinction that is made by the German Federal Constitutional Court when determining whether a party can be banned. Another question is the what the label "right" implies when applied to the extreme right, given that many parties labelled as right-wing extremist tended to advance neo-liberal and free market agendas as late as the 1980s but can now advocate economic policies more traditionally associated with the left, such as anti-globalisation, nationalisation and protectionism. One approach, drawing on the writings of Norberto Bobbio, argues that attitudes towards equality are what distinguish between left and right and therefore allow these parties to be positioned on the right of the political spectrum. There is also debate about how appropriate the labels fascist or neo-fascist are. According to Cas Mudde, "the labels Neo-Nazi and to a lesser extent neo-fascism are now used exclusively for parties and groups that explicitly state a desire to restore the Third Reich or quote historical National Socialism as their ideological influence".〔(C. (2007), ''The Ideology of the Extreme Right'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 12 )〕 Jurgen Falter and Siegfried Schumann define right-wing extremism with reference to ten ideological features which they believe constitutes a core extreme right ideology, including hyper-nationalism, ethnocentralism, anti-communism, anti-parliamentarianism and anti-pluralism.〔Klandermaus, B. and Mayer, N. (2006), ''Extreme Right Activists in Europe: Through the Magnifying Glass'', Routledge: Abingdon, p. 4〕 Cas Mudde identified five key features of the "extreme right" – nationalism, racism, xenophobia, anti-democracy and the belief in a strong state – based on the fact that they appear in 50% of the definitions of the extreme-right that he surveyed.〔Mudde, C. (1995), "Right-Wing Extremism Analyzed: A Comparative Analysis of the Ideologies of Three Alleged Right-Wing Extremist Parties (NPD, NDP, CP’86)", ''European Journal of Political Research'', 27/2: 206〕 Mudde lists “nativism, authoritarianism, and populism” as core elements of populist radical right political parties and associated movements.〔Mudde, Cas. (2007). ''Populist radical right parties in Europe.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 293.〕 Mudde adds: "the terms neo-Nazism and to a lesser extent neo-fascism are now used exclusively for parties and groups that explicitly state a desire to restore the Third Reich (in the case of neo-fascism the Italian Social Republic) or quote historical National Socialism (fascism) as their ideological influence"〔Mudde, Cas. (2000). ''The ideology of the extreme right.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 12-13〕 According to Elisabeth Carter, the two defining features of a right-wing extremist party are: a rejection of fundamental human equality, which she asserts is what makes the party right-wing,〔Carter, E. (2005), ''The Extreme Right in Western Europe: Success or Failure?'', Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 13–23〕 and a rejection of the fundamental democratic values of the state, which makes it extremist.〔 Proponents of the horseshoe theory interpretation of the left-right spectrum identify the far-left and far-right as having more in common with each other as extremists than each have towards moderate centrists.〔William Safire. ''Safire's Political Dictionary''. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008. Pp. 385.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Far-right politics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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