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Fascinus
In ancient Roman religion and magic, the ''fascinus'' or ''fascinum'' was the embodiment of the divine phallus. The word can refer to the deity himself (Fascinus), to phallus effigies and amulets, and to the spells used to invoke his divine protection.〔The neuter form ''fascinum'' is used most often for objects or magic charms, masculine ''fascinus'' for the god.〕 Pliny calls it a ''medicus invidiae'', a "doctor" or remedy for envy (''invidia'', a "looking upon") or the evil eye.
==Public religion==
The Vestal Virgins tended the cult of the ''fascinus populi Romani'', the sacred image of the phallus that was one of the tokens of the safety of the state ''(sacra Romana)''. It was thus associated with the Palladium.〔R. Joy Littlewood, ''A Commentary on Ovid:'' Fasti ''Book 6'' (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 73; T.P. Wiseman, ''Remus: A Roman Myth'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 61 (online. )〕 Roman myths, such as the begetting of Servius Tullius, suggest that this phallus was an embodiment of a masculine generative power located within the hearth, regarded as sacred.〔Joseph Rykwert, ''The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy, and the Ancient World'' (MIT Press, 1988), pp. 101 and 159 (online. )〕 When a general celebrated a triumph, the Vestals hung an effigy of the ''fascinus'' on the underside of his chariot to protect him from ''invidia''.〔Pliny, ''Natural History'' 28.4.7 (28.39).〕
Augustine, whose primary source on Roman religion was the lost theological works of Varro, notes that a phallic image was carried in procession annually at the festival of Father Liber, the Roman god identified with Dionysus or Bacchus, for the purpose of protecting the fields from ''fascinatio'', magic compulsion:〔Augustine of Hippo, ''De civitate Dei'' 7.21; Williams, ''Roman Homosexuality'', p. 92.〕
As a divinized phallus, Fascinus shared attributes with Mutunus Tutunus, whose shrine was supposed to date from the founding of the city, and the imported Greek god Priapus.〔Arnobius, ''Adversus nationes'' 4.7, explicitly connects Tutunus to the ''fascinus''; see Robert E.A. Palmer, "Mutinus Titinus: A Study in Etrusco-Roman Religion and Topography," in ''Roman Religion and Roman Empire: Five Essays'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1974), pp. 187–206.〕
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