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Fałszywka
Fałszywka ((英語:false document or forgery))〔 is a Polish socio-political term describing counterfeit top secret files and fake police reports produced by the Communist secret service in the People's Republic of Poland.〔 Their purpose was to undermine the popularity of prominent opponents of the ruling Party, mainly by attempting to ruin their good name as private individuals. ''Fałszywka'' (pl. ''fałszywki'') were used from the beginning of the Communist period against opponents of the Communist system. These included seemingly stolen or declassified revelations about opposition members working as alleged police informants under the Soviet system.〔 Most notably, some have argued that an entire forged file of this sort was produced in the 1980s and then disseminated by the communist establishment about the leading dissident and future President of Poland Lech Wałęsa when he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. This file was fabricated and then "leaked" to the media (as "proof" of his betrayal of Solidarity)〔 in an attempt to prevent Wałęsa from being awarded the Prize.〔 A similar file led to the publication of a widely successful book ''Zabić tego Polaka'' (To Kill that Pole) about the fake assassination plan against the Pope John Paul II during his 1983 pilgrimage to Poland.〔
==History==
The former head of the State Protection Office (UOP), General Gromosław Czempiński, described the method in which typical ''fałszywka'' used to be made.〔 Nobody ever saw the original document (as in the case of Lech Wałęsa). The ''Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs'' made sure that only the Xerox copies were in circulation, because they could not be denounced as fake, and were easy to make. The Communist secret police used them frequently, said Czempiński, stating also that often the officers who signed them were created out of thin air.〔 Writer Jerzy Urban noted, that (if available) signatures of alleged collaborators, from unrelated documents, were also Xeroxed and pasted into ''fałszywkas'' before reprints.
Following the collapse of the Soviet empire, the ''fałszywkas'' were catalogued by the Institute of National Remembrance in accordance with its own mandate, and subsequently also made available to the public based on the right to request access to recorded information held by government organizations (RFI). Numerous prominent politicians, such as the Minister Władysław Bartoszewski (former Auschwitz concentration camp prisoner),〔 and Professor Jerzy Kłoczowski (member of the UNESCO Executive Board),〔 have been noted among their targets. Kłoczowski was defended against slander based on a ''fałszywka'' produced by Security Service, in a letter of protest published in ''Rzeczpospolita'' in 2004, and signed by a number of Polish public personalities, including Prof. Jerzy Buzek, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, Prof. Władysław Bartoszewski, Prof. Andrzej Zoll, Józef Życiński, Andrzej Wajda, Prof. Barbara Skarga, Prof. Jan Miodek, Prof. Jerzy Zdrada, Aleksander Hall, Władysław Frasyniuk, Prof. Adam Galos, Krystyna Zachwatowicz and many others.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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