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Beta Israel (, ''Beyte (beyt) Yisrael''; , modern ''Bēte 'Isrā'ēl'', EAE: "Betä Ǝsraʾel", "House of Israel" or "Community of Israel"〔For the meaning of word "Beta" in the context of social/religious is "community", see James Quirin, ''(The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews )'', 2010, p. xxi〕), also known as Ethiopian Jews (: ''Yehudey Etyopyah;'' Ge'ez: የኢትዮጵያ አይሁድዊ, ''ye-Ityoppya Ayhudi''), are Jewish communities who located for centuries in the area of Aksumite and Ethiopian Empires (Habesha or Abyssinia), currently divided between Amhara and Tigray regions, although most have now moved to Israel.〔Weil, Shalva (1997) "Collective Designations and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews", in Shalva Weil (ed.) ''Ethiopian Jews in the Limelight,'' Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education,Hebrew University, pp. 35–48. (Hebrew)〕 Beta Israel lived in North and North-Western Ethiopia, in more than 500 small villages spread over a wide territory, alongside populations that were Muslim and predominantly Christian.〔Weil, Shalva 2012 "Ethiopian Jews: the Heterogeneity of a Group", in Grisaru, Nimrod and Witztum, Eliezer. ''Cultural, Social and Clinical Perspectives on Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel,'' Beersheba: Ben-Gurion University Press, pp. 1–17.〕 Most of them were concentrated in the area around and to the north of Lake Tana, in the Tigray Region among the Wolqayit, Shire and Tselemt, in the Amhara Region of Gonder, and in the Semien Province found in Dembia, Segelt, Quara, and Belesa. The Beta Israel made renewed contacts with other Jewish communities in the later 20th century. After Halakhic and constitutional discussions, Israeli officials decided on March 14, 1977 that the Israeli Law of Return applied to the Beta Israel.〔Michael Corinaldi, ''Ethiopian Jewry: Identity and Tradition'', Rubin Mass, 1988, p. 186–188 (Hebrew)〕 The Israeli and American governments mounted aliyah operations〔Weil, Shalva 2008 "Zionism among Ethiopian Jews", in Hagar Salamon (ed.) ''Jewish Communities in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Ethiopia,'' Jerusalem:Ben-Zvi Institute, pp. 187–200. (Hebrew)〕 to transport the people to Israel.〔Weil, Shalva 2012 "Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia", in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt (eds.) ''African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism,'' Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 204–217.〕 These activities included Operation Brothers in Sudan between 1979 and 1990 (this includes the major operations Moses and Joshua), and in the 1990s from Addis Ababa (which includes Operation Solomon).〔(The Rescue of Ethiopian Jews 1978–1990 ) (Hebrew); "(Ethiopian Immigrants and the Mossad Met )" (Hebrew)〕〔Weil, Shalva. (2011) "Operation Solomon 20 Years On", International Relations and Security Network (ISN).http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?ord538=grp1&ots591=eb06339b-2726-928e-0216-1b3f15392dd8&lng=en&id=129480&contextid734=129480&contextid735=129244&tabid=129244〕 The related Falash Mura are the descendants of Beta Israel who converted to Christianity. Some are changing to the practices of Halakhic Judaism, and living together in communities. Beta Israel spiritual leaders, including Liqa Kahnet Raphael Hadane, have argued for the acceptance of the Falash Mura as Jews.〔Takuyo Hadane, ''From Gondar To Jerusalem'', pp. 91–106 (Hebrew)〕 The Israeli government decided by a resolution in 2003 that descendants of Jewish mothers' lineage have the right to migrate to Israel under the Entry Law; they may become citizens only if they formally convert to Orthodox Judaism.〔("The issue of Falash Mura aliyah – follow-up report" ), Israeli Association for Ethiopian Jews, (Hebrew)〕 This resolution has been controversial within Israeli society.〔("Israel is losing its sovereignty" ), ''Ha'aretz''.〕〔(Israel "can't bring all Ethiopian Jews at once" – foreign minister. ), Asia Africa Intelligence Wire (From BBC Monitoring International Reports).〕〔(Israel orchestrates mass exodus of Ethiopians. ) Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service.〕〔(Families Across Frontiers ), p. 391, ISBN 90-411-0239-6〕 There were 119,300 people of Ethiopian descent in Israel at the end of 2008, including nearly 81,000 people born in Ethiopia and about 38,500 native Israelis (about 32 percent of the community) with at least one parent born in Ethiopia.〔(), ''Ha'aretz''〕 == Terminology == Throughout its history, the community has been referred to by numerous names. According to tradition the name "Beta Israel" (literally "house of Israel" in Ge'ez) originated in the 4th century CE, when the community refused to convert to Christianity during the rule of Abreha and Atsbeha (identified with Se'azana and Ezana), the monarchs of the Aksumite Empire who embraced Christianity.〔James Bruce, ''Travels To Discover The Source Of The Nile in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773'' (in five Volumes), Vol. II, Printed by J. Ruthven for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1790, p. 485〕 This name stands in contrast to "Beta Kristiyan" (literally "house of Christianity", referring to "church" in Ge'ez).〔"http://www.himchurch.org/Home.html〕〔Hagar Salamon, ''The Hyena People – Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia'', University of California Press, 1999, p.21〕 It did not originally have negative connotations, and the community has used it since as its official name. Since the 1980s, it has also become the official name used in the scientific literature to refer to the community.〔Quirun, ''The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews'', p. 11-15; Aešcoly, ''Book of the Falashas'', p. 1-3; Hagar Salamon, ''Beta Israel and their Christian neighbors in Ethiopia: Analysis of key concepts at different levels of cultural embodiment'', Hebrew University, 1993, p.69-77 (Hebrew); Shalva Weil, "Collective Names and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews" in ''Ethiopian Jews in the Limelight'', Hebrew University, 1997, pp. 35–48〕 The term ''Esra'elawi'' (Israelites)—which is related to the name Beta Israel—is used by the community to refer to its members.〔 The name ''Ayhud'' (Jews) is rarely used in the community, as the Christians used it as a derogatory term. The community only has begun to use it since strengthening ties with other Jewish communities in the 20th century.〔 The term Ivrawi'' (Hebrews) was used to refer to the ''Chawa'' (free man) in the community, in contrast to ''Barya'' (slave).〔Salamon, ''Beta Israel'', p. 135, n. 20 (Hebrew)〕 The term ''Oritawi'' (Torah-true) was used to refer to the community members; since the 19th century it has been used in opposition to the term ''Falash Mura'' (converts). The major derogatory term, ''Falasha'' (landless/wanderers), was given to the community by the Emperor Yeshaq in the 15th century. ''Zagwe,'' referring to the Agaw people, the original inhabitants of northwest Ethiopia, is considered derogatory since it incorrectly associates the community with the pagan Agaw.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Beta Israel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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