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A fen is one of the main types of wetland, the others being grassy marshes, forested swamps, and peaty bogs. Along with bogs, fens are a kind of mire. Fens are usually fed by mineral-rich surface water or groundwater.〔Godwin ''et al.'' (2002).〕 They are characterised by their water chemistry, which is pH neutral or alkaline, with relatively high dissolved mineral levels but few other plant nutrients. They are usually dominated by grasses and sedges, and typically have brown mosses in general including ''Scorpidium'' or ''Drepanocladus''.〔Keddy (2010), p. 8.〕 Fens frequently have a high diversity of other plant species including carnivorous plants such as ''Pinguicula''.〔Wheeler & Giller (1982)〕〔Keddy (2010), Chapter 9.〕 They may also occur along large lakes and rivers where seasonal changes in water level maintain wet soils with few woody plants.〔Charlton & Hilts (1989)〕 The distribution of individual species of fen plants is often closely connected to water regimes and nutrient concentrations.〔Slack ''et al.'' (1980)〕〔Schröder ''et al.'' (2005)〕 Fens have a characteristic set of plant species, which sometimes provide the best indicators of environmental conditions. For example, fen indicator species in New York State include ''Carex flava'', ''Cladium mariscoides'', ''Potentilla fruticosa'', ''Pogonia ophioglossoides'' and ''Parnassia glauca''.〔Godwin ''et al.'' (2002), Table 3.〕 Fens are distinguished from bogs, which are acidic, low in minerals, and usually dominated by sedges and shrubs, along with abundant mosses in the genus ''Sphagnum''.〔 Fens have been damaged in the past by land drainage, and also by peat cutting.〔Sheail & Wells (1983)〕 Some are now being carefully restored with modern management methods.〔Keddy (2010), Chapter 13.〕 The principal challenges are to restore natural water flow regimes, to maintain the quality of water, and to prevent invasion by woody plants. ==Vegetation== ''Carr'' is the northern European equivalent of the wooded swamp of the southeastern United States,〔(Bug Life )〕 also known in the United Kingdom as wet woodland. It is a fen overgrown with generally small trees of species such as willow (''Salix spp.'') or alder (''Alnus'' spp.). In general, fens may change in composition as peat accumulates. A list of species found in a fen can therefore cover a range of species from those remaining from the earlier stage in the successional development to the pioneers of the succeeding stage. Where streams of base-rich water run through bog, these are often lined by strips of fen, separating "islands" of rain-fed bog. Temporary flooding by beavers can have negative effects on fens.〔Reddoch & Reddoch (2005)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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