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Fentanyl (also known as fentanil, brand names Sublimaze,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 fentanyl )〕 Actiq, Durogesic, Duragesic, Fentora, Matrifen, Haldid, Onsolis,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Introducing Onsolis )〕 Instanyl, Abstral,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Abstral: Prescribing Information )〕 Lazanda〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lazanda (fentanyl nasal spray) CII )〕 and others〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Fentanyl )〕) is a potent, synthetic opioid analgesic with a rapid onset and short duration of action.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=WCPI Focus on Pain Series: The Three Faces of Fentanyl )〕 It is a strong agonist at the μ-opioid receptors. Historically, it has been used to treat breakthrough pain and is commonly used in pre-procedures as a pain reliever as well as an anesthetic in combination with a benzodiazepine. Fentanyl is approximately 80 to 100 times more potent than morphine and roughly 40 to 50 times more potent than pharmaceutical grade (100% pure) heroin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FENTANYL : Incapacitating Agent )〕 Fentanyl was first synthesized by Paul Janssen in 1960, following the medical inception of pethidine (also known as meperidine, marketed as Demerol) several years earlier. Janssen developed fentanyl by assaying analogues of the structurally related drug pethidine for opioid activity. The widespread use of fentanyl triggered the production of fentanyl citrate (the salt formed by combining fentanyl and citric acid in a 1:1 stoichiometry),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DailyMed: About DailyMed )〕 which entered the clinical practice as a general anaesthetic under the trade name Sublimaze in the 1960s. Following this, many other fentanyl analogues were developed and introduced into medical practice, including sufentanil, alfentanil, remifentanil, and lofentanil. In the mid-1990s, fentanyl was first introduced for widespread palliative use with the clinical introduction of the Duragesic patch, followed in the next decade by the introduction of the first quick-acting prescription formulations of fentanyl for personal use, the Actiq lollipop and Fentora buccal through the delivery method of estradiol Mylan transdermal patches. fentanyl was the most widely used synthetic opioid in clinical practice, with several new delivery methods now available, including a sublingual spray for cancer patients.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Long Term Safety and Efficacy Study of Fentanyl Sublingual Spray for the Treatment of Breakthrough Cancer Pain - Full Text View )〕 In 2013, 1700 kilograms were used globally. Fentanyl is used recreationally, whereby death is common. Deaths have resulted from both recreational and improper medical use. ==Medical uses== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fentanyl」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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