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Graham Island (Sicily)
Graham Island (Graham Bank or Graham Shoal), also known as Isola Ferdinandea in Italian, is a submerged volcanic island discovered when it last appeared on August 1, 1831, by Humphrey Senhouse, the captain of the Royal Navy flagship St Vincent and named after Sir James Graham, the First Lord of the Admiralty. It was claimed by the United Kingdom. It forms part of the underwater volcano Empedocles, south of Sicily, and which is one of a number of submarine volcanoes known as the Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia. Currently a seamount, eruptions have raised it above sea level several times before erosion submerged it again. When it last rose above sea level after erupting in 1831, a four-way dispute over its sovereignty began, which was still unresolved when it disappeared beneath the waves again in early 1832. During its brief life, the French geologist Constant Prévost was on hand, accompanied by an artist, to witness it in July 1831; he named it ''Île Julia'', for its July appearance, and reported in the ''Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France''.〔"Notes sur l’ile Julia pour servir a l’histoire de la formation des montagnes volcaniques" in ''Mémoires de la Soc. Géol. de France'', 1835 (("L’exploration de île Julia" ))〕〔 Some observers at the time wondered if a chain of mountains would spring up, linking Sicily to Tunisia and thus upsetting the geopolitics of the region.〔 More recently, it has shown signs of volcanic activity in 2000 and 2002, forecasting a possible appearance; however, it remains under sea level.
== Early history ==
Graham Island lies in a volcanic area known as the ''Campi Flegrei del Mar di Sicilia'' (Phlegraean Fields of the Sea of Sicily), in between Sicily and Tunisia in the Mediterranean Sea. Many submarine volcanoes (seamounts) exist in the region, as well as some volcanic islands such as Pantelleria. Volcanic activity at Graham Island was first reported during the First Punic War, and the island has appeared and disappeared four or five times.〔(Scientists discover huge underwater volcano ), The Independent Online〕 Several eruptions have been reported since the 17th century.〔''(Campi Flegrei Mar Sicilia )'', Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, accessed 9 May 2006〕
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