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A fief ((ラテン語:feudum)) was the central element of feudalism and consisted of heritable property or rights granted by an overlord to a vassal who held it in fealty (or "in fee") in return for a form of feudal allegiance and service, usually given by the personal ceremonies of homage and fealty. The fees were often lands or revenue-producing real property held in feudal land tenure: these are typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms. However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including governmental office, rights of exploitation such as hunting or fishing, monopolies in trade, and tax farms. ==Terminology== (詳細はbenefice" (from the Latin noun ''beneficium'', meaning "benefit") was a gift of land (''precaria'') for life as a reward for services rendered, originally, to the state. In medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service continued to be called a ''beneficium'' (Latin).〔Meir Lubetski (ed.). ''Boundaries of the ancient Near Eastern world: a tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon''. "Notices on Pe'ah, Fay' and Feudum" by Alauddin Samarrai. (Pg. 248-250 ), Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998.〕 Later, the term ''feudum'', or ''feodum'', began to replace ''beneficium'' in the documents.〔 The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one hundred years earlier.〔 The origin of the ''feudum'' and why it replaced ''beneficium'' has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below.〔 The most widely held theory is put forth by Marc Bloch〔〔Marc Bloch. ''Feudal Society'', Vol. 1, 1964. pp.165-66.〕〔Marc Bloch. ''Feudalism'', 1961, pg. 106.〕 that it is related to the Frankish term '' *fehu-ôd'', in which '' *fehu'' means "cattle" and ''-ôd'' means "goods", implying "a moveable object of value."〔〔 When land replaced currency as the primary store of value, the Germanic word '' *fehu-ôd'' replaced the Latin word ''beneficium''.〔〔 This Germanic origin theory was also shared by William Stubbs in the nineteenth century.〔〔William Stubbs. ''The Constitutional History of England'' (3 volumes), 2nd edition 1875-78, Vol. 1, pg. 251, n. 1〕 A theory put forward by Archibald R. Lewis〔 that the origin of 'fief' is not ''feudum'' (or ''feodum''), but rather ''foderum'', the earliest attested use being in Astronomus's ''Vita Hludovici'' (840).〔Archibald R. Lewis. ''The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718-1050'', 1965, pp. 76-77.〕 In that text is a passage about Louis the Pious which says ''annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant'', which can be translated as "(Louis forbade that) military provender which they popularly call 'fodder' (be furnished)."〔 A theory by Alauddin Samarrai suggests an Arabic origin, from ''fuyū'' (the plural of ''fay'', which literally means "the returned", and was used especially for 'land that has been conquered from enemies that did not fight').〔〔Alauddin Samarrai. "The term 'fief': A possible Arabic origin", ''Studies in Medieval Culture'', 4.1 (1973), pp. 78-82.〕 Samarrai's theory is that early forms of 'fief' include ''feo'', ''feu'', ''feuz'', ''feuum'' and others, the plurality of forms strongly suggesting origins from a loanword. First use of these terms was in Languedoc, one of the least-Germanized areas of Europe and bordered Muslim Spain, where the earliest use of ''feuum'' as a replacement for ''beneficium'' can be dated to 899, the same year a Muslim base at Fraxinetum (La Garde-Freinet) in Provence was established. It is possible, Samarrai says, that French scribes, writing in Latin, attempted to transliterate the Arabic word ''fuyū'' (the plural of ''fay''), which was being used by the Muslim invaders and occupiers at the time, resulting in a plurality of forms - ''feo, feu, feuz, feuum'' and others - from which eventually ''feudum'' derived. Samarrai, however, also advises medieval and early modern Muslim scribes often used etymologically "fanciful roots" in order to claim the most outlandish things to be of Arabian or Muslim origin.〔 In the 10th and 11th centuries the Latin terms for fee could be used either to describe dependent tenure held by a man from his lord, as the term is used now by historians, or it could mean simply "property" (the manor was, in effect, a small fief). It lacked a precise meaning until the middle of the 12th century, when it received formal definition from land lawyers. In English usage, the word "fee" is first attested around 1250–1300 (Middle English); the word "fief" from around 1605–15. In French, the term "fief" is found from the middle of the 13th century (Old French), derived from the 11th-century terms "feu" "fie". In French, one also finds "seigneurie" (land and rights possessed by a "seigneur" or "lord", 12th-century), which gives rise to the expression "seigneurial system" to describe feudalism. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fief」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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