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Filipino ((:ˌfɪl.ɪˈpiː.no); ''Pilipino'' (:ˌpɪl.ɪˈpiː.no) or ''Wikang Filipino'') is the national language of the Philippines and is designated, along with English, as an official language of that country. It is the standard register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian, regional language that is widely spoken in the Philippines. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, while 45 million speak Filipino as their second language.〔 Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the ''Ethnologue''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title =Philippines )〕 Officially, Filipino is defined by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino Language or simply KWF) as "the native language, spoken and written, in Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, and in other urban centers of the archipelago." Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language. Indeed, there have been observed "emerging varieties of Filipino which deviate from the grammatical properties of Tagalog" in Davao City and Cebu, which together with Metro Manila form the three largest metropolitan areas in the Philippines. In reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as "simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from ... other major Philippine languages," and as "essentially a formalized version of Tagalog." In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be an alternative name for Tagalog,〔: "The renaming of Tagalog to Filipino is for national and international use and intent, just like how Castilian, one of the languages of Spain, became known as Spanish all over the world as the national language of Spain."〕〔: "Filipino is the national language of the Philippines, based on Tagalog. The new Constitution of 1987 renamed the language 'Filipino.'"〕 or the Metro Manila dialect of Tagalog.〔: "In fact, the Metro Manila local language and the Filipino language are synonymous to Pilipino, the earlier national language itself, which is largely Tagalog-based."〕〔: "The (of National Language ) continued to work on standardisation, translation, research, and lexical elaboration. There were, however, language wars within the INL (and in the Congress and in the Courts) among purists and anti-purists and among proponents of Manila-based Tagalog (Filipino) and of ''Pilipino''."〕〔: "Filipino, the national lingua franca of the Philippines, is perceived as the Metro Manila Tagalog which has pervaded the entire country through media, local movies, and educational institutions."〕 ==History== There was no common language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The three major linguae francae were Kapampangan, Ilocano, and Visayan. As the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613, published by the "father of Filipino printing", Tomas Pinpin, in Pila, Laguna. A latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.〔Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlucar, Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, Manila 2013, pg iv, Komision sa Wikang Filipino〕 Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar and published as ''Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala'' in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly reedited with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.〔Juan José de Noceda, Pedro de Sanlucar, Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, Manila 2013, Komision sa Wikang Filipino〕 On November 13, 1936, Commonwealth act No. 184 created the National Language Institute and tasked it with making a study and survey of each existing native language, hoping to choose which was to be the base for a standardized national language. On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the ''Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ'' (National Language Institute; NLI). The said institute would be responsible for the surveying and research of existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for the national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI. Led by Jaime C. De Veyra, as the chair and representing Samar-Leyte-Visayan, the members composed of Santiago A. Fonacier (representing Ilokano regions); Filemon Sotto (Cebu-Visayan); Casimiro Perfecto (Bikol); Felix S. Sales Rodriguez (Panay-Visayan); Hadji Butu (Muslims) and Cecilio Lopez (Tagalog). On December 13, 1937, President Quezon issued Executive order No. 134, s. 1937, approving the adoption of Tagalog as the basis of the national language of the Philippines, and declared and proclaimed the national language so based on the Tagalog dialect, as the national language of the Philippines. On December 31 of the same year, Quezon proclaimed Tagalog as the basis of the ''Wikang Pambansâ'' (National Language) based on the following factors:〔 #Tagalog is widely spoken and is the most understood in all the Philippine Regions; #It is not divided into smaller daughter languages, as Visayan or Bikol are; #Its literary tradition is the richest of all native Philippine languages, the most developed and extensive (mirroring that of the Tuscan language ''vis-à-vis'' Italian). More books are written in Tagalog than in any other autochthonous Philippine language but Spanish, but this is mainly by virtue of law and privilege; #Tagalog has always been the language of Manila, the political and economic center of the Philippines during the Spanish and American eras. #Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the language became known as ''Pilipino'' in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group.〔 〕 Later, the 1973 Constitution provided for a separate national language to replace Pilipino, a language which it termed ''Filipino''. However, Article XV, Section 3(2), mentions neither Tagalog nor Pilipino as the basis for Filipino, instead calling on the National Assembly to: This move has drawn much criticism from the nation's other ethnic groups. In 1987, a new constitution introduced many provisions for the language.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6-9 )〕 Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that: And also states in the article: and: Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, created the Commission on the Filipino Language, reporting directly to the President and tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote researches for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other Philippine languages. On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92-1, specifying that Filipino is the However, as with the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions, 92-1 neither went so far as to categorically identify nor dis-identify this language as Tagalog. Definite, absolute, and unambiguous interpretation of 92-1 is the prerogative of the Supreme Court in the absence of directives from the KWF, otherwise the sole legal arbiter of the Filipino language. Filipino was presented and registered with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), by Ateneo de Manila University student Martin Gomez, and was added to the ISO registry of languages on September 21, 2004 with it receiving the ISO 639-2 code ''fil''.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: fil )〕 In June 2007, Ricardo Maria Nolasco, Chair of the ''Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino'' (Commission on the Filipino Language), acknowledged that Filipino was simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with as yet no grammatical element or lexicon coming from Ilokano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, or any of the other Philippine languages. He said further that this is contrary to the intention of Republic Act No. 7104 that requires that the national language be developed and enriched by the lexicon of the country's other languages, something that the commission is working towards. On 24 August 2007, Nolasco elaborated further on the relationship between Tagalog and Filipino in a separate article, as follows: On 22 August 2007, it was reported that three Malolos City regional trial courts in Bulacan decided to use Filipino, instead of English, in order to promote the national language. Twelve stenographers from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of Bulacan State University following a directive from the Supreme Court of the Philippines. De la Rama said it was the dream of Chief Justice Reynato Puno to implement the program in other areas such as Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Rizal, and Metro Manila. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Filipino language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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