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''Fiqh'' (; (:fiqh)) is Islamic jurisprudence.〔(Fiqh ) Encyclopedia Britannica〕 While ''Sharia'' is believed by Muslims to represent divine law as revealed in the Quran and the ''Sunnah'' (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), fiqh is the human understanding of the Sharia—sharia expanded and developed by interpretation (''ijtihad'') of the Quran and ''Sunnah'' by Islamic jurists (''Ulema'')〔 and implemented by the rulings (''Fatwa'') of jurists on questions presented to them. ''Fiqh'' deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam. In the modern era there are four prominent schools (''madh'hab'') of ''fiqh'' within Sunni practice and two (or three) within Shi'a practice. A person trained in ''fiqh'' is known as a ''Faqih'' (plural ''Fuqaha'').〔Glasse, Cyril, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Altamira, 2001, p.141〕 == Etymology == The word ''fiqh'' is an Arabic term meaning "deep understanding" or "full comprehension". Technically it refers to the body of Islamic law extracted from detailed Islamic sources (which are studied in the principles of Islamic jurisprudence) and the process of gaining knowledge of Islam through jurisprudence. The historian Ibn Khaldun describes ''fiqh'' as "knowledge of the rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves bound to obey the law respecting what is required (''wajib''), sinful (''haraam''), recommended (''mandūb''), disapproved (''makrūh'') or neutral (''mubah'')".〔Levy (1957). Page 150.〕 This definition is consistent amongst the jurists. In Modern Standard Arabic, ''fiqh'' has come to mean jurisprudence in general, be it Islamic or secular. It is thus possible to speak of Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr. as an expert in the common law ''fiqh'' of the United States, or of Abdel Razzaq El sanhouri Pasha as an expert in the civil law ''fiqh'' of Egypt. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fiqh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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