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The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field or occasionally Battle of Branxton (Brainston Moor〔) was a conflict between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. The battle was fought in the county of Northumberland in northern England on 9 September 1513, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by the Earl of Surrey. It was a decisive English victory. In terms of troop numbers, it was the largest battle fought between the two Kingdoms.〔"The Seventy Greatest Battles of All Time". Published by Thames & Hudson Ltd. 2005. Edited by Jeremy Black. Pages 95 to 97.ISBN 978-0-500-25125-6.〕 James IV was killed in the battle, becoming the last monarch from the British Isles to suffer such a death. == Background == This conflict began when James IV, King of Scots declared war on England to honour the Auld Alliance with France by diverting Henry VIII's English troops from their campaign against the French king Louis XII. Henry VIII had also opened old wounds by claiming to be the overlord of Scotland, which angered the Scots and their King. At this time England was involved as a member of the "Catholic League" in the War of the League of Cambrai—defending Italy and the Pope from the French (see Italian Wars). Pope Leo X, already a signatory to the anti-French Treaty of Mechlin, sent a letter to James threatening him with ecclesiastical censure for breaking his peace treaties with England on 28 June 1513, and subsequently James was excommunicated by Cardinal Christopher Bainbridge. James also summoned sailors and sent the Scottish navy, including the ''Great Michael'' to join the ships of Louis XII of France.〔Hannay, Robert Kerr, ed., ''Letters of James IV'', SHS (1953), 307-8, 315-6, 318-9.〕 Henry was in France with the Emperor Maximilian at the siege of Thérouanne. The Scottish Lyon King of Arms brought James IV's letter of 26 July 〔('Henry VIII: July 1513, 16-31', ''Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII'' ), vol. 1: 1509-1514 (1920), pp. 952-967. Date accessed: 26 July 2012〕 to him. James asked him to desist from attacking France in breach of their treaty. Henry's exchange with Islay Herald or the Lyon King at his tent at the siege of Thérouanne on 11 August was recorded. The Herald declared that Henry should abandon his efforts against the town and go home. Henry angrily replied that James had no right to summon him, and ought to be England's ally, as James was married to Henry's sister Margaret, declaring; "And now, for a conclusion, recommend me to your master and tell him if he be so hardy to invade my realm or cause to enter one foot of my ground I shall make him as weary of his part as ever was man that began any such business. And one thing I ensure him by the faith that I have to the Crown of England and by the word of a King, there shall never King nor Prince make peace with me that ever his part shall be in it. Moreover, fellow, I care for nothing but for misentreating of my sister, that would God she were in England on a condition she cost the Schottes King not a penny.〔Brewer, J. S., ed., ''Letters & Papers, Henry VIII'', vol. 1, (1920), pp. 972 no. 2157, (Henry VIII refers to the issue of money possibly owed as a legacy to Margaret Tudor, see ''Letters & Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 1 (1920), p. 623 no. 1342)〕 Henry also replied by letter on 12 August that James was mistaken and resistance to any of his attempts on England would be in place.〔''Foedera'', vol.6 part 1 (1741), p.52: ''Foedera'', vol.13, London (1712), p.382〕 Using the pretext of revenge for the murder of Robert Kerr, a Warden of the Scottish East March who had been killed by John "The Bastard" Heron in 1508, James invaded England with an army of about 30,000 men.〔 However both sides had been making lengthy preparations for this conflict. Henry VIII had already organised an army and artillery in the north of England to counter the expected invasion. Some of the guns had been returned to use against the Scots by Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. A year earlier, Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, had been appointed Lieutenant-General of the army of the north and was issued with banners of the Cross of St George and the Red Dragon of Wales.〔''Letters & Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 1 (1920), p. 609 no. 1317, p. 623 no. 1342, wardrobe warrant for banners for Earl of Surrey, 1 Aug. 1512.〕 Only a small number of the light horsemen of the Scottish border had been sent to France. A northern army was maintained with artillery and its expense account starts on 21 July 1513. The first captains were recruited in Lambeth. Many of these soldiers wore green and white Tudor colours. Surrey marched to Doncaster in July and then Pontefract. where he assembled more troops from Northern England.〔J. D. Mackie, 'The English Army at Flodden' in''Miscellany of the Scottish History Society'', vol.8 (Edinburgh 1951), pp. 35-83, at 53-57〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Flodden」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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