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Haptic or kinesthetic communication recreates the sense of touch by applying forces, vibrations, or motions to the user. This mechanical stimulation can be used to assist in the creation of virtual objects in a computer simulation, to control such virtual objects, and to enhance the remote control of machines and devices (telerobotics). Haptic devices may incorporate tactile sensors that measure forces exerted by the user on the interface. Most researchers distinguish three sensory systems related to sense of touch in humans: cutaneous, kinesthetic and haptic.〔Srinivasan, M. A., & LaMotte, R. H. (1995). Tactual discrimination of softness. Journal of Neurophysiology, 73, 88–101.〕〔Freyberger, F. K. B., & Färber, B. Compliance discrimination of deformable objects by squeezing with one and two fingers. In Proceedings of EuroHaptics 2006 (pp. 271–276).〕 All perceptions mediated by cutaneous and/or kinesthetic sensibility are referred to as tactual perception. The sense of touch may be classified as passive and active,〔Bergmann Tiest, W. M., & Kappers, A. M. L. (2009a). Cues for haptic perception of compliance. IEEE Transactions on Haptics, 2, 189–199.〕 and the term "haptic" is often associated with active touch to communicate or recognize objects.〔Tiest WM. Tactual perception of material properties. Vision Res 2010; 50(24): 2775-82.〕 Haptic technology has made it possible to investigate how the human sense of touch works by allowing the creation of carefully controlled haptic virtual objects. The word ''haptic'', from the (''haptikos''), means "pertaining to the sense of touch" and comes from the Greek verb ''haptesthai'', meaning "to contact" or "to touch". == History == One of the earliest applications of haptic technology was in large aircraft that use servomechanism systems to operate control surfaces. Such systems tend to be "one-way", meaning external forces applied aerodynamically to the control surfaces are not perceived at the controls. Here, the missing normal forces are simulated with springs and weights. In lighter aircraft without servo systems, as the aircraft approached a stall the aerodynamic buffeting (vibrations) was felt in the pilot's controls. This was a useful warning of a dangerous flight condition. This control shake is not felt when servo control systems are used. To replace this missing sensory cue, the angle of attack is measured and when it approaches the critical stall point, a stick shaker is engaged which simulates the response of a simpler control system. Alternatively, the servo force may be measured and the signal directed to a servo system on the control, known as ''force feedback''. Force feedback has been implemented experimentally in some excavators and is useful when excavating mixed material such as large rocks embedded in silt or clay. It allows the operator to "feel" and work around unseen obstacles, enabling significant increases in productivity and less risk of damage to the machine. The first US patent for a tactile telephone was granted to Thomas D. Shannon in 1973.〔(Patent US3780225 - TACTILE COMMUNICATION ATTACHMENT - Google Patents ). Google.com (1973-12-18). Retrieved on 2013-08-23.〕 An early tactile man-machine communication system was constructed by A. Michael Noll at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in the early 1970s〔"Man-Machine Tactile Communication," SID Journal (The Official Journal of the Society for Information Display), Vol. 1, No. 2, (July/August 1972), pp. 5-11.〕 and a patent issued for his invention in 1975.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.google.com/patents/US3919691?printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false )〕 In 1994, Aura Systems launched the Interactor Vest, a wearable force-feedback device that monitors an audio signal and uses Aura's patented electromagnetic actuator technology to convert bass sound waves into vibrations that can represent such actions as a punch or kick. The Interactor vest plugs into the audio output of a stereo, TV, or VCR and the user is provided with controls that allow for adjusting of the intensity of vibration and filtering out of high frequency sounds. The Interactor Vest is worn over the upper torso and the audio signal is reproduced through a speaker embedded in the vest. After selling 400,000 of its Interactor Vest, Aura began shipping the Interactor Cushion, a device which operates like the Vest but instead of being worn, it's placed against a seat back and the user must lean against it. Both the Vest and the Cushion were launched with a price tag of $99. In 1995 Norwegian Geir Jensen described a wrist watch haptic device with a skin tap mechanism, termed Tap-in. It would connect to a mobile phone via Blueteooth. Tapping-frequency patterns would identify callers to a mobile and enable the wearer to respond by selected short messages. It was submitted for a governmental innovation contest and received no award. It was not pursued or published until recovered in 2015. The Tap-in device by Jensen was devised facing the user to avoid twisting of the wrist, see image. It would adapt across all mobile phone and watch brands. In 2015 Apple started to sell a wrist watch which included skin tap sensing of notifications and alerts to mobile phone of the watch wearer. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Haptic technology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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