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Forgetting refers to apparent loss or modification of information already encoded and stored in an individual's long term memory. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage. Forgetting also helps to reconcile the storage of new information with old knowledge.〔Mondesire, S., & Weigand, P. (n.d.). Forgetting Classification and Measurement for Decomposition-based Reinforcement Learning. . Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://weblidi.info.unlp.edu.ar/WorldComp2013-Mirror/p2013/ICA3556.pdf〕 Problems with remembering, learning and retaining new information are a few of the most common complaints of older adults.〔Maddox, G. B., Balota, D. A., Coane, J. H., & Duchek, J. M. (2011). ''The role of forgetting rate in producing a benefit of expanded over equal spaced retrieval in young and older adults.'' Psychology And Aging, 26(3), 661-670.〕 Memory performance is usually related to the active functioning of three stages. These three stages are encoding, storage and retrieval.〔 Many different factors influence the actual process of forgetting. An example of one of these factors could be the amount of time the new information is stored in the memory. Events involved with forgetting can happen either before or after the actual memory process. The amount of time the information is stored in the memory, depending on the minutes hours or even days, can increase or decrease depending on how well the information is encoded.〔Sangha, S., Scheibenstock, A., Martens, K., Varshney, N., Cooke, R., & Lukowiak, K. (2005). ''Impairing forgetting by preventing new learning and memory''. Behavioral Neuroscience, 119(3), 787-796.〕 Studies show that retention improves with increased rehearsal. This improvement occurs because rehearsal helps to transfer information into long term memory〔Wayne, W. & McCann, D. (2007). Psychology: Themes & Variety 2nd Canadian ed. Nelson Education Ltd: Thompson Wadsworth Publisher. ISBN 978-0-17-647273-3〕 - practice makes perfect. It is subject to delicately balanced optimization that ensures that relevant memories are recalled. Forgetting can be reduced by repetition and/or more elaborate cognitive processing of information. Emotional states are just one of the many factors that have been found to effect this process of forgetting.〔 As a disorder or in more severe cases this may be described as amnesia. Forgetting functions (amount remembered as a function of time since an event was first experienced) have been extensively analyzed. The most recent evidence suggests that a power function provides the closest mathematical fit to the forgetting function.〔http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/~shacarp/Wixted_Carpenter_2007.pdf〕 It is inability to encode, to store and retrieve the previously learned information from long term memory over varying periods of times. ==Summary== Failing to retrieve an event does not mean that this specific event has been forever forgotten. This could just mean the information was not encoded well. Research has shown that there are a few health behaviors that to some extent can prevent forgetting from happening so often.〔Szabo, A. N., McAuley, E., Erickson, K. I., Voss, M., Prakash, R. S., Mailey, E. L., & ... Kramer, A. F. (2011). ''Cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal volume, and frequency of forgetting in older adults''. Neuropsychology,25(5), 545-553.〕 One of the simplest ways to keep the brain healthy and prevent forgetting is to stay active and exercise. Staying active is important because overall it keeps the body healthy. When the body is healthy the brain is healthy and less inflamed as well.〔 Older adults who were more active were found to have had less episodes of forgetting compared to those older adults who were less active. A healthy diet can also contribute to a healthier brain and aging process which in turn results in less frequent forgetting.〔 Reviewing information in ways that involve active retrieval seems to slow the rate of forgetting. Paul Connerton stated that there are seven types of forgetting, which are repressive erasure, prescriptive forgetting, formation of new identity, structural amnesia, annulment, planned obsolescence, and humiliated silence.〔Paul Connerton. (2008) "Seven Types of Forgetting".pg. 59-71〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Forgetting」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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