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Fragmentalism is a view that holds that the world consists of individual and independent objects. The term contends that the world is indeed composed of separable parts, and that it is chiefly knowable through the study of these component parts, rather than through wholes. It therefore stands opposed to holistic interpretations of phenomena.
Fragmentalism has also been defined as ''the notion that knowledge is a growing collection of substantiated facts or "nuggets of truth."'' Anti-realists use the term fragmentalism in arguments that the world does not exist of separable entities, instead consisting of wholes. For example, advocates of this position declare that: The linear deterministic approach to nature and technology promoted a fragmented perception of reality, and a loss of the ability to foresee, to adequately evaluate, in all their complexity, global crises in ecology, civilization and education.〔Anatoly P. Liferov, Global Education as a Trend Reflecting the Problems of Today and Meeting the Requirements of Tomorrow http://www.indiana.edu/~isre/NEWSLETTER/vol6no2/global.htm〕 This term is usually applied to reductionist modes of thought, frequently with the related pejorative term of ''scientism''. This usage is popular amongst some ecological activists: There is a need now to move away from scientism and the ideology of cause-and-effect determinism toward a radical empiricism, such as William James proposed, as an epistemology of science.〔Yunkaporta on Kakkib and Oneness, Tyson Yunkaporta, Friday, January 05, 2007 http://bioregionalanimism.blogspot.com/〕These perspectives are not new and in the early twentieth century, William James noted that rationalist science emphasized what he termed fragmentation and disconnection.〔 Such anti-realist rhetoric also underpins many criticisms of the scientific method: The scientific method only acknowledges monophasic consciousness. The method is a specialized system that focuses on studying small and distinctive parts in isolation, which results in fragmented knowledge.〔Tara W. Lumpkin, ''Perceptual Diversity: Is Polyphasic Consciousness Necessary for Global Survival?'' December 28, 2006, http://bioregionalanimism.blogspot.com〕 An alternative usage of this term is in cognitive psychology. Here, George Kelly developed "constructive alternativism" as a form of personal construct psychology, this provided an alternative to what he saw as "accumulative fragmentalism". In this theory, knowledge is seen as the construction of successful mental models of the exterior world, rather than the accumulation of independent "nuggets of truth". The term also has ancillary uses in education,〔(Gur-Ze'ev, Ilan, ''Toward a New Critical Language in Education,'' in Gur-Ze'ev, Ilan, (Ed.), ''Critical Theory and Critical Pedagogy Today: Toward a New Critical Language in Education,'' Haifa: University of Haifa Press, 2005 )〕 in design theory,〔(Salih Salbacak, ''Starting Design Education: Basic Design Course,” Designtrain 2008, Amsterdam, Netherlands, June 05–07, 2008 )〕 and environmentalism,〔(Valerie Green, ''An Exploration of School Gardening and Its Relationship to Holistic Education,'' unpublished MSc thesis, University of Guelph, 2004 )〕 as well as in healthcare〔(Subarn Panvisavas, ''Poverty and Malaria: A Study in a Thai-Myanmar Border Area,'' Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2001 Sep;32(3):608-14 )〕 and business management.〔Harrison, R.T. & Leitch, C.M. (1996). ''Discipline Emergence in Entrepreneurship: Accumulative Fragmentalism or Paradigmatic Science?'' Entrepreneurship, Innovation, & Change, 5(2), pp.65-83〕〔(Lowell W. Busenitz, G. Page West III, Dean Shepherd, Teresa Nelson, Gaylen N. Chandler & Andrew Zacharakis, ''Entrepreneurship Research in Emergence: Past Trends and Future Directions,'' Joumal of Management 2003 29(3) 285-308 )〕 The term has been used in politics,〔(Rajesh Kochhar, ''Is globalisation encouraging flat-earth mentality?'' Architecture of an Inclusive Society, proceedings of Eighth Indira Gandhi conference, 20-21 November 2001, New Delhi: Mudrit Publishers, pp.362-370) )〕 in anthropology,〔(Hussain Fahim & Katherine Helmer, ''Indiginous Anthropology in Non-Western Countries: a Further Elaboration,'' Current Anthropology, 21.5, Oct 1980, pp.644-662 )〕 in international development〔(UNCTAD, ''UNCTAD: A Brief Historical Overview,'' 2006, pp.2-3 )〕 and in ecological economics.〔Kirkpatrick Sale, ''Dwellers in the Land: the Bioregional Vision,'' University of Georgia Press, 2000, pp.153-4〕 The term has also been used in Cultural Studies〔Jeff Lewis, ''Cultural Studies: the Basics,'' Sage Publications, 2008, p.106〕 and in history〔Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jayal, ''Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy,'' Routledge, 2004, p.164 & p.220〕 ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fragmentalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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