|
Franco-Provençal (Francoprovençal), Arpitan or Romand (in Switzerland) (Vernacular: '; (イタリア語:francoprovenzale, arpitano); (フランス語:francoprovençal, arpitan, patois)) is a Gallo-Romance language spoken in east-central France, western Switzerland, northwestern Italy, and in enclaves in the Province of Foggia in Apulia, Italy. Franco-Provençal has several distinct dialects and is separate from but closely related to neighboring Romance languages: Oïl languages, Occitan, Gallo-Italian, and Romansh. The name ''Franco-Provençal'' was given to the language by G.I. Ascoli in the 19th century because it shared features with ''French'' and ''Provençal'' without belonging to either. ''Arpitan'', a neologism, is becoming a popular name for the language and the people who speak it.〔(Arpitania.eu, ''Did you say « Arpitan » ?'' )〕 Today, the largest number of Franco-Provençal speakers reside in the Aosta Valley, an autonomous region of Italy. The language is also spoken in alpine valleys in the province of Turin, two isolated towns in Foggia, and rural areas of the Romandie region of Switzerland. It is one of the three Gallo-Romance language families of France and is officially recognized as a regional language of France, but its use is marginal. Organizations are attempting to preserve it through cultural events, education, scholarly research, and publishing. Aside from regional French dialects (the ''Langues d'oïl''), it is the most closely related language to French. The number of speakers of Franco-Provençal has been declining significantly. According to UNESCO (1995), Franco-Provençal is a "potentially endangered language" in Italy and an "endangered language" in Switzerland and France. == History == Franco-Provençal emerged as a Gallo-Romance variety of Latin. The linguistic region comprises east-central France, western portions of Switzerland, and the Aosta Valley of Italy with the adjacent alpine valleys of the Piedmont. This area covers territories once occupied by pre-Roman Celts, including the Allobroges, Sequani, Helvetii, Ceutrones, and Salassi. By the 5th century, the region was controlled by the Burgundians. Franco-Provençal is first attested in manuscripts from the 12th century, possibly diverging from the langues d'oïl as early as the 8th–9th centuries (Bec, 1971). One writer has detected the influence of Basque by analyzing "fossil words" ("''mots fossiles''") from toponymy and the dialect in the Aosta Valley Valdôtain patois.〔Krutwig, F. (1973). Les noms pré-indoeuropéens en Val-d'Aoste. ''Le Flambeau, no. 4, 1973.'', in: Henriet, Joseph (1997). La Lingua Arpitana. ''Quaderni Padani, Vol. III, no. 11, May–June 1997''. pp. 25–30. (''.pdf'' ) (in Italian)〕 However, Franco-Provençal is consistently typified by a strict, myopic comparison to French, and so is characterized as "conservative". Thus, commentators, like Désormaux, consider "medieval" the terms for many nouns and verbs, including ''pâta'' "rag", ''bayâ'' "to give", ''moussâ'' "to lie down", all of which are conservative only relative to French. As an example, Désormaux, writing on this point in the foreword of his Savoyard dialect dictionary, states: Franco-Provençal failed to garner the cultural prestige of its three more widely spoken neighbors: French, Occitan, and Italian. Communities where speakers lived were generally mountainous and isolated from one another. The internal boundaries of the entire speech area were divided by wars and religious conflicts. France, Switzerland, the Franche-Comté (protected by Habsburg Spain), and the duchy, later kingdom, ruled by the House of Savoy politically divided the region. The strongest possibility for any dialect of Franco-Provençal to establish itself as a major language died when an edict, dated 6 January 1539, was confirmed in the parliament of the Duchy of Savoy on 4 March 1540. The edict explicitly replaced Latin (and by implication, any other language) with French as the language of law and the courts (Grillet, 1807, p. 65). Franco-Provençal dialects were widely spoken in their speech areas until the 20th century. As French political power expanded and the "single-national-language" doctrine was spread through French-only education, Franco-Provençal speakers abandoned their language, which had numerous spoken variations and no standard orthography, in favor of culturally prestigious French. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Franco-Provençal language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|