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Frentani
The Frentani〔Greek: , Strabo, Ptolemy; , Polybius, Dionys.〕 were an Italic tribe occupying the tract on the east coast of the peninsula from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and from the frontiers of Apulia to those of the Marrucini. They were bounded on the west by the Samnites, with whom they were closely connected, and from whom they were originally descended. Hence Scylax assigns the whole of this line of coast, from the frontiers of Apulia to those of Picenum, to the Samnites.〔Scylax § 15. p. 5.〕 Their exact limits are less clearly defined, and there is considerable discrepancy in the statements of ancient geographers: Larinum, with its territory (extending from the Tifernus (modern Biferno) to the Frento), being by some writers termed a city of the Frentani,〔Ptolemy iii. 1. § 65.〕 while the more general opinion included it in Apulia, and thus made the river Tifernus (Biferno) the limit of the two countries.〔Pliny iii. 12. s. 17; Pomponius Mela ii. 4. § 6.〕 The northern boundary of the Frentani is equally uncertain; both Strabo〔v. p. 242.〕 and Ptolemy〔''l. c.'' § 19.〕 concur in fixing it at the river Sagrus (modern Sangro), while Pliny extends their limits as far as the Aternus, and, according to Mela, they possessed the mouths both of that river and the Matrinus. The latter statement is certainly inaccurate; and Strabo distinctly tells us that the Marrucini held the right bank of the Aternus down to its mouth, while the Vestini possessed the left bank;〔v. p. 241.〕 hence, the former people must have intervened between the Frentani and the mouth of the Aternus. Pliny's account is, however, nearer the truth than that of Strabo and Ptolemy; for it is certain that Ortona and Anxanum (modern Lanciano), both of which are situated considerably to the north of the Sagrus, were Frentanian cities. The latter is indeed assigned by Ptolemy to that people,〔iii. 1. § 65.〕 while Strabo also terms Ortona the port or naval station of the Frentani,〔, v. p. 242.〕 but erroneously places it to the south of the river Sagrus. Hence, their confines must have approached within a few miles of the Aternus, though without actually abutting upon that river. On the west, they were probably not separated from the Samnites by any well-marked natural boundary, but occupied the lower slopes of the Apennines as well as the hilly country extending from thence to the sea, while the more lofty and central ridges of the mountains were included in Samnium.
==Affiliations and history==
The Frentani are expressly termed by Strabo as a Samnite people, and he appears to distinguish them as such from the neighbouring tribes of the Marrucini, Peligni, and Vestini, with whom they had otherwise much in common.〔Strabo v. p. 241.〕 They, however, appear in history as a separate people, having their own national organisation; and though they may at one time (as suggested by Niebuhr) have constituted one of the four nations of the Samnite confederacy, this seems to have been no longer the case when that power came into collision with Rome. Their conduct during the long struggle between the Samnites and Romans renders this almost certain. In 319 BCE, indeed, when their name occurs for the first time in history,〔The old editions of Livy have "Ferentani"; but the conjecture of Sigonius that we should read Frentani, is supported by some of the best manuscripts, and may be regarded as certainly correct. (See Alschefski, ad. loc.; Niebuhr, vol iii. p. 225.)〕 they appear in arms against Rome, but were quickly defeated and reduced to submission;〔Livy ix. 16.〕 and a few years afterwards (304 BCE), at the close of the Second Samnite War, the Frentani are mentioned, together with the Marsi, Marrucini, and Peligni, as coming forward voluntarily to sue for a treaty of alliance with Rome,〔''Id.'' ix. 45.〕 which they seem to have subsequently adhered to with steadfastness. Hence we find more than once express mention of the Frentanian auxiliaries in the war with Pyrrhus; and one of their officers, by the name of Oblacus, distinguished himself at the battle of Heracleia.〔Dionys. ''Fr. Didot.'' xx. 2; Plutarch ''Pyrrh.'' 16; Florus i. 18. § 7.〕 They gave a still more striking proof of fidelity during the Second Punic War, by adhering to the Roman cause after the battle of Cannae, when so many of the Italian allies, including the greater part of the Samnites, went over to Hannibal.〔Livy xxii. 61; Silius Italicus viii. 521, xv. 567.〕
Throughout this period they appear to have been much more closely connected in their political relations with their neighbours the Marrucini, Peligni, and Vestini, than with their Samnite kinsmen: hence, probably, it is that Polybius, in enumerating the forces of the Italian allies, classes the Frentani with the Marsi, Marrucini, and Vestini, while he reckons the Samnites separately. (Pol. ii. 24.) Notwithstanding their vaunted fidelity, the Frentani joined in the general outbreak of the Italian allies in the great Social War, 90 BCE:〔Appian, ''B.C.'' i. 39; Strabo v. p. 241.〕 they do not, however, appear to have taken any prominent part, and we can only infer that they received the Roman franchise at the same time as the neighbouring tribes. Hence they are mentioned by Cicero, a few years later, as sending some of their chief men 〔"Frentani homines nobilissimi", ''pro Cluentio'' 69.〕 to support the cause of Cluentius, a native of Larinum. Their territory was traversed without resistance by Julius Caesar at the outbreak of the Civil War, 49 BCE,〔Caes. ''B.C.'' i. 23.〕 and this is the last occasion on which their name appears in history. Their territory was formed into the fourth region of Augustus, together with that of the Marrucini, Peligni, Marsi, etc.;〔Pliny iii. 12. s. 17.〕 but at a later period it appears to have been reunited with Samnium, and was placed under the authority of the governor of that province.〔Mommsen, ''ad Lib. Col.'' p. 206.〕
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