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Freudo-Marxism
Freudo-Marxism is a loose designation of several forms of critical theory that attempt to synthesize the philosophy and critique of political economy of Karl Marx with the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud.
== Early Freudo-Marxism ==
The beginnings of Freudo-Marxist theorizing took place in the 1920s in Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviet philosopher V. Yurinets and the Freudian analyst Siegfried Bernfeld both discussed the topic. The Soviet linguist Valentin Voloshinov, a member of the Bakhtin circle, began a Marxist critique of psychoanalysis in his 1925 article "Beyond the Social", which he developed more substantially in his book ''Freudianism: A Marxist Critique'' (1927).〔Titunik, I. R. (1976) Translator's Introduction, in ''Freudianism: A Marxist Critique'' by V. N. Voloshinov, London: Verso, p. xxiv-xxviii.〕 In 1929 ''Dialectical Materialism and Psychoanalysis'' by Wilhelm Reich was published, both in German and in Russian in the bilingual communist theory journal ''Unter dem Banner des Marxismus.'' As the end of this line of thought can be considered Otto Fenichel's article ''Psychoanalysis as the nucleus of a future dialectical-materialistic psychology'' which appeared in 1934 in Wilhelm Reich's Journal ''Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie und Sexualökonomie.'' One member of the Berlin group of Marxist psychoanalysts around Wilhelm Reich was Erich Fromm, who later brought Freudo-Marxist ideas into the exiled Frankfurt School led by Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno.
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