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A frogman is someone who is trained in scuba diving or swimming underwater in a tactical capacity that includes combat. Such personnel are also known by the more formal names of combat diver, combatant diver, or combat swimmer. The word ''frogman'' arose from Italian "uomo rana" around 1940 from the appearance of a diver in a shiny drysuit and large fins. ''Combat swimming'' is often used to mean ''combat diving''. Such actions are a historical form of "frogman" activity and an important feature of naval special operations. The term ''frogman'' is occasionally used to refer to a civilian scuba diver. Some sport diving clubs include the word ''Frogmen'' in their names. The preferred term by scuba users is ''diver'', but the ''frogman'' epithet persists in informal usage by non-divers, especially in the media and often referring to professional scuba divers, such as in a police diving role. In the U.S. military and intelligence community, divers trained in scuba or CCUBA who deploy for tactical assault missions are called "combat divers". This term is used to refer to the Navy SEALs, operatives of the CIA's Special Activities Division, elements of Marine Recon, Army Ranger Regimental Reconnaissance Company members, Army Special Forces divers, Air Force Pararescue, Air Force Combat Controllers, United States Naval Search and Rescue Swimmers, United States Air Force Special Operations Weather Technicians, and the Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units. In Britain, police divers have often been called "police frogmen". Some countries' tactical diver organizations include a translation of the word ''frogman'' in their official names, e.g., Denmark's ''Frømandskorpset'' and Norway's ''Froskemanskorpset''; others call themselves "combat divers" or similar. Others call themselves by indefinite names such as "special group 13" and "special operations unit". Many nations and some irregular armed groups deploy or have deployed combat frogmen. ==Scope of operations== Tactical diving is a branch of professional diving carried out by armed forces and tactical units. They may be divided into: * Combat/assault divers. * Special mission work divers (called Clearance Divers in the British Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy), who do general work underwater. * Work divers who are trained in defusing mines and removing other explosives underwater. These groups may overlap, and the same men may serve as assault divers and work divers, such as the Australian Clearance Diving Branch (RAN). The range of operations performed by these operatives includes: *Amphibious assault: stealthy deployment of land or boarding forces. The vast majority of combat swimmer missions are simply to get "from here to there" and arrive suitably equipped and in sufficient physical condition to fight on arrival. The deployment of tactical forces using the arrival by water to assault land targets, oil platforms, or surface ship targets (as in boardings for seizure of evidence) is a major driver behind the equipping and training of combat swimmers. The purposes are many, but include feint and deception, counter-drug, law enforcement, counter-terrorism, and counter-proliferation missions. *Sabotage: This includes putting limpet mines on ships. *Clandestine surveying: Surveying a beach before a troop landing, or other forms of unauthorized underwater surveying in denied waters. The article ("Riding on Proton" by Afonchenko ) (in Russian) may describe in passing a Soviet Bloc frogman infiltration into South Korean sea. *Clandestine underwater work, e.g.: * * Recovering underwater objects. * * Clandestine fitting of monitoring devices on submarine communications cables in enemy waters. *Investigating unidentified divers, or a sonar echo that may be unidentified divers. Diving sea-police work may be included here. See anti-frogman techniques. *Checking ships, boats, structures, and harbors for limpet mines and other sabotage; and ordinary routine maintenance in war conditions. If the inspection divers during this find attacking frogmen laying mines, this category may merge into the previous category. *Underwater mine clearance and bomb disposal. Typically, a frogman with closed circuit oxygen rebreathing equipment will stay within a depth limit of with limited deeper excursions to a maximum of because of the risk of seizure due to acute oxygen toxicity. The use of nitrox or mixed gas rebreathers can extend this depth range considerably, but this may be beyond the scope of operations, depending on the unit. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Frogman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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