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Frontonia
''Frontonia'' is a genus of free-living unicellular ciliate protists, belonging to the order Peniculida. As Peniculids, the ''Frontonia'' are closely related to members of the genus ''Paramecium''. However, whereas ''Paramecia'' are mainly bacterivores, ''Frontonia'' are capable of ingesting large prey such as diatoms, filamentous algae, testate amoebas,〔(Dias, Roberto and D'Agosto, Marta. 2006. "Feeding Behavior of ''Frontonia leucas'' (Ehrenberg)." Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia 23 (3): 758-763 )〕 and even, in some circumstances, members of their own species.〔(Devi, R. Vimala. 2007. "Cannibalism in ''Frontonia leucas'' Ehr." JEM 11 (3): 304-307 )〕 In bacteria-rich saprobic conditions, ''Frontonia leucas'' can live as a facultative bacterivore.〔(Dias 2006 )〕
''Frontonia'' are widely dispersed, and members of the genus can be found in marine and freshwater environments on every continent.〔(Petz, Wolfgang et al. 2007. "Ciliate biogeography in Antarctic and Arctic freshwater ecosystems: endemism or global distribution of species?" FEMS Microbiology Ecology 59 (2): 396-408 )〕〔(Long, Hongan et al. 2008. "Taxonomic studies on three marine species of ''Frontonia'' from northern China." Zootaxa 1687:35-50 )〕
==Appearance and characteristics==
''Frontonia'' species vary in length from 50 to 600 micrometres.〔Patterson, D.J. Free-Living Freshwater Protozoa: A Colour Guide. Manson, 1992,1996. p. 133. ISBN 1-874545-40-5〕 Cell bodies are typically ovoid or elongate, and somewhat flattened from back to front. They are flexible, uniformly ciliated, and usually surrounded by trichocysts. The small oral aperture is pear-shaped, and located in the anterior half of the cell.〔Carey, Philip G., Marine interstitial ciliates: an illustrated key. Chapman and Hall, 1992, ISBN 978-0-412-40610-2 p. 129〕 Along the left side of the opening there are three membranelles, and the right has a single paroral membrane. The mouth is supported by inconspicuous microtubular rods (nematodesmata),〔Gil, Rosario. 1984. Cortical Fine Structure of Frontonia Leucas. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 100(4):373-83. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3226150〕 and may expand during feeding to as much as two-thirds of the cell's length.〔Goldsmith, WM. (1922) (The process of ingestion in the ciliate ), ''Frontonia''. Journal of Experimental Zoology 36(3):331-52.〕
The cytoplasm of some species, such as ''Frontonia atra'' and ''Frontonia acuminata'', can be darkly pigmented.
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