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Planthopper
A planthopper is any insect in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, exceeding 12,500 described species worldwide. The name comes from their remarkable resemblance to leaves and other plants of their environment and from the fact that they often "hop" for quick transportation in a similar way to that of grasshoppers. However, planthoppers generally walk very slowly so as not to attract attention. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders, though surprisingly few are considered pests. The infraorder contains only a single superfamily, Fulgoroidea. Fulgoroids are most reliably distinguished from the other Auchenorrhyncha by two features; the bifurcate ("Y"-shaped) anal vein in the forewing, and the thickened, three-segmented antennae, with a generally round or egg-shaped second segment (pedicel) that bears a fine filamentous arista.
==Overview==
Nymphs of many fulgoroids produce wax from special glands on the abdominal terga and other parts of the body. These are hydrophobic and help conceal the insects. Adult females of many families also produce wax which may be used to protect eggs.〔C. H. Dietrich in Resh, V. H. & Carde, R. T. (Eds.) 2003 Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press.〕 Fulgoroid nymphs also possess a biological gear mechanism at the base of the hind legs, which keeps the legs in synchrony when the insects jump; the gears are not present in the adults, and were known for decades〔K. Sander. 1957. Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von ''Pyrilla perpusilla'' WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae). Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.) 75, 383–388〕 before the function of the gears was only recently discovered.〔M. Burrows, G. Sutton. 2013. Interacting Gears Synchronize Propulsive Leg Movements in a Jumping Insect. Science 13 September 2013: Vol. 341 no. 6151 pp. 1254-1256 DOI: 10.1126/science.1240284〕
Planthoppers are often vectors for plant diseases, especially phytoplasmas which live in the phloem of plants and can be transmitted by planthoppers when feeding.〔Lee ''et al.'' (2000) Phytoplasmas: phytopathogenic mollicutes. Annual Review of Microbiology 54 221-255〕
A number of extinct member of Fulgoroidea are known from the fossil record, such as the Lutetian age ''Emiliana'' from the Green River Formation in Colorado, USA.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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