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GLIFAA
GLIFAA (formerly Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies) is the officially recognized organization representing lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender etc. (LGBT+) personnel and their families in the United States Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Foreign Commercial Service, Foreign Agricultural Service, and other agencies and entities working in foreign affairs in the U.S. Government. The acronym comes from its original name, Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies. As of 2014, the organization goes by GLIFAA and uses the slogan "LGBT" pride in foreign affairs agencies" to underscore its inclusive composition. GLIFAA was founded in 1992 by fewer than a dozen employees who faced official harassment and potential loss of their jobs simply because of their sexual orientation. The organization has grown to hundreds of Foreign Service, Civil Service, and contract personnel and their families serving in Washington, throughout the U.S., and at U.S. embassies and missions around the world. Members also include retirees and straight allies in government agencies, while other supporters are affiliate members.〔GLIFAA: ("Mission" ), accessed February 3, 2011〕
Among other accomplishments, GLIFAA succeeded in pressing for the issuance of a non-discrimination policy by Secretary of State Warren Christopher in 1993, and worked with the U.S. Administration, the management of government agencies, and other employee associations to eliminate barriers for obtaining security clearances and create and implement non-discrimination policies with regard to entry and employment in the U.S. Foreign Service and Civil Service.〔GLIFAA: ("A 10th Anniversary Retrospective' ), accessed February 3, 2011〕 In addition, the organization worked to improve the situation for the partners of LGBT U.S. Foreign Service personnel serving overseas.〔''Washington Diplomat'': (Sanjay Talwani, "Gay Foreign Affairs Group Making Strides but Still Has Long To-Do List," December 2002 ), accessed February 3, 2011〕 GLIFAA met with Secretaries of State Colin Powell, Condoleezza Rice, and Hillary Clinton.〔GLIFAA: ("History" ), accessed February 3, 2011; Queerty: ("What Gays in the State Department Want Hillary Clinton to Change," February 6, 2009 ), accessed February 3, 2011〕
==History of LGBT Americans in Diplomacy==
Prior to the early 1990s, homosexuality was grounds for exclusion from the U.S. Foreign Service (diplomatic corps) and many positions in the Civil Service. Numerous individuals were dismissed from their positions in the State Department and in the U.S. government because of their sexual orientation.〔GLIFAA: ("1950 Congressional Hearing on Homosexuals in Government" ), accessed February 3, 2011〕 This happened particularly in the 1950s and 60's, during what has been called the "Lavender Scare" against sexual minorities in the U.S. government, linked to the McCarthy-inspired campaign against perceived communist sympathizers.〔David K. Johnson, ''The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), ISBN 0-226-40481-1〕
The first publicly gay U.S. ambassador was Ambassador to Luxembourg James Hormel, who was appointed by President Clinton and sworn in by Secretary of State Madeleine Albright in 1999. Hormel was admitted into his position through a recess appointment, without confirmation of the U.S. Senate. The second publicly gay U.S. ambassador, and the first publicly gay Foreign Service officer to be appointed as ambassador, was U.S. Ambassador to Romania Michael Guest, who was appointed by President George W. Bush and in 2001 sworn in by Secretary of State Colin Powell. Bush also appointed publicly gay physician Mark R. Dybul as the United States Global AIDS Coordinator, with the rank of ambassador. In December 2009, Vice President Joseph Biden swore in publicly gay lawyer David Huebner, as U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and the Independent State of Samoa.〔Huffington Post: (Steve Clemons, "Joe Biden Swears in David Huebner for New Zealand Ambassadorship," December 4, 2009 ), accessed February 3, 2011〕
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