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Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites broadcast microwave signals to enable GPS receivers on or near the Earth's surface to determine location, velocity, and time. The GPS system itself is operated by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) for use by both the military and the general public. GPS signals include ranging signals, used to measure the distance to the satellite, and navigation messages. The navigation messages include ''ephemeris'' data, used to calculate the position of each satellite in orbit, and information about the time and status of the entire satellite constellation, called the ''almanac''. There are 4 signals available for civilian use. In order of date of introduction, these are: L1 C/A, L2C, L5 and L1C. L1 C/A is also called the ''legacy signal'' and is broadcast by all satellites. The other signals are called ''modernized signals'' and not broadcast by all satellites. In addition, there are ''restricted signals'', also broadcast to the general public, but whose encoding is secret and are intended to be used only by authorized parties. Nonetheless, some limited use of restricted signals can be made by civilians without access to the secret encoding details; this is called ''codeless'' and ''semi-codeless'' access, and is officially supported. The interface to the User Segment (GPS receivers) is described in the (Interface Control Documents (ICD) ). The format of civilian signals is described in the Interface Specification (IS) which is a subset of the ICD. == Common characteristics == The GPS satellites (called ''space vehicles'' in the GPS interface specification documents) transmit simultaneously several ranging codes and navigation data using binary phase-shift keying (BPSK). Only a limited number of central frequencies are used; satellites using the same frequency are distinguished by using different ranging codes; in other words, GPS uses code division multiple access. The ranging codes are also called ''chipping codes'' (in reference to CDMA/DSSS), ''pseudorandom noise'' and ''pseudorandom binary sequences'' (in reference to the fact that it is predictable, but statistically it resembles noise). Some satellites transmit several BPSK streams at the same frequency in quadrature, in a form of quadrature amplitude modulation. However, unlike typical QAM systems where a single bit stream is split in 2 half-symbol-rate bit streams to improve spectral efficiency, in GPS signals the in phase and quadrature components are modulated by separate (but functionally related) bit streams. Satellites are uniquely identified by a serial number called ''space vehicle number'' (SVN) which does not change during its lifetime. In addition, all operating satellites are numbered with a ''space vehicle identifier'' (SV ID) and ''pseudorandom noise number'' (PRN number) which uniquely identifies the ranging codes that a satellite uses. There is a fixed one to one correspondence between SV identifiers and PRN numbers described in the interface specification. Unlike SVNs, the SV ID/PRN number of a satellite may be changed (also changing the ranging codes it uses). At any point in time, any SV ID/PRN number is in use by at most a single satellite. A single SV ID/PRN number may have been used by several satellites at different points in time and a single satellite may have used different SV ID/PRN numbers at different points in time. The current SVNs and PRN numbers for the GPS constellation may be found at (NAVCEN ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「GPS signals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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