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Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (;〔("Galenus" ) entry in ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary'', 2001.〕 (ギリシア語:Κλαύδιος Γαληνός); AD 129 – /), better known as Galen of Pergamon (),〔("Galen" ) entry in ''Collins English Dictionary'', HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.〕 was a prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman empire.〔"''(Life, death, and entertainment in the Roman Empire )''". David Stone Potter, D. J. Mattingly (1999). University of Michigan Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-472-08568-9〕〔"''(Galen on bloodletting: a study of the origins, development, and validity of his opinions, with a translation of the three works )''". Peter Brain, Galen (1986). Cambridge University Press. p.1. ISBN 0-521-32085-2〕 Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen influenced the development of various scientific disciplines, including anatomy,〔(Galen on the affected parts )〕 physiology, pathology,〔 pharmacology,〔(Galen on pharmacology )〕 and neurology, as well as philosophy〔(Galen on the brain )〕 and logic. The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. Born in Pergamon (present-day Bergama, Turkey), Galen traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors. Galen's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by the then-current theory of humorism, as advanced by ancient Greek physicians such as Hippocrates. His theories dominated and influenced Western medical science for more than 1,300 years. His anatomical reports, based mainly on dissection of monkeys, especially the Barbary Macaque, and pigs, remained uncontested until 1543, when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work ''De humani corporis fabrica'' by Andreas Vesalius〔O'Malley, C., ''Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564'', Berkeley: University of California Press〕 where Galen's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations.〔Siraisi, Nancy G., (1991) Girolamo Cardano and the Art of Medical Narrative, Journal of the History of Ideas. pp. 587–88.〕 Galen's theory of the physiology of the circulatory system endured until 1628, when William Harvey published his treatise entitled ''De motu cordis'', in which he established that blood circulates, with the heart acting as a pump.〔Furley, D, and J. Wilkie, 1984, ''Galen On Respiration and the Arteries'', Princeton University Press, and Bylebyl, J (ed), 1979, ''William Harvey and His Age'', Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press〕 Medical students continued to study Galen's writings until well into the 19th century. Galen conducted many nerve ligation experiments that supported the theory, which is still accepted today, that the brain controls all the motions of the muscles by means of the cranial and peripheral nervous systems.〔Frampton, M., 2008, ''Embodiments of Will: Anatomical and Physiological Theories of Voluntary Animal Motion from Greek Antiquity to the Latin Middle Ages, 400 B.C.–A.D. 1300'', Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag. pp. 180 - 323〕 Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher, as he wrote in his treatise entitled ''That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher''.〔Brian, P., 1977, "Galen on the ideal of the physician", ''South Africa Medical Journal, 52: 936–938 (pdf )〕 Galen was very interested in the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects,〔Frede, M. and R. Walzer, 1985, ''Three Treatises on the Nature of Science,'' Indianapolis: Hacket.〕 and his use of direct observation, dissection and vivisection represents a complex middle ground between the extremes of those two viewpoints.〔De Lacy, P., 1972, "Galen's Platonism", ''American Journal of Philosophy,'' pp. 27–39, Cosans, C., 1997, "Galen’s Critique of Rationalist and Empiricist Anatomy", ''Journal of the History of Biology,'' 30: 35–54, and Cosans, C., 1998, "The Experimental Foundations of Galen’s Teleology", ''Studies in History and Philosophy of Science,'' 29: 63–80.〕 Many of his works have been preserved and/or translated from the original Greek, although many were destroyed and some credited to him are believed to be spurious. Although there is some debate over the date of his death, he was no younger than seventy when he died. ==Early life: AD 129–161== Galen's name , ''Galēnos'' comes from the adjective "", "calm".〔(γαληνός ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕 Galen describes his early life in ''On the affections of the mind''. He was born in September AD 129 ;〔 his father, Aelius Nicon, was a wealthy patrician, an architect and builder, with eclectic interests including philosophy, mathematics, logic, astronomy, agriculture and literature. Galen describes his father as a "highly amiable, just, good and benevolent man". At that time Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey) was a major cultural and intellectual centre, noted for its library (Eumenes II), second only to that in Alexandria,〔〔(Metzger BM. New Testament Studies: Philological, Versional, and Patristic. BRILL 1980 ISBN 90-04-06163-0, ISBN 978-90-04-06163-7 )〕 and attracted both Stoic and Platonic philosophers, to whom Galen was exposed at age 14. His studies also took in each of the principal philosophical systems of the time, including Aristotelian and Epicurean. His father had planned a traditional career for Galen in philosophy or politics and took care to expose him to literary and philosophical influences. However, Galen states that in around AD 145 his father had a dream in which the god Asclepius (Aesculapius) appeared and commanded Nicon to send his son to study medicine. Again, no expense was spared, and following his earlier liberal education, at 16 he began studies at the prestigious local sanctuary or Asclepieum dedicated to Asclepius, god of medicine, as a θεραπευτής (''therapeutes'', or attendant) for four years. There he came under the influence of men like Aeschrion of Pergamon, Stratonicus and Satyrus. Asclepiea functioned as spas or sanitoria to which the sick would come to seek the ministrations of the priesthood. Romans frequented the temple at Pergamon in search of medical relief from illness and disease. It was also the haunt of notable people such as Claudius Charax the historian, Aelius Aristides the orator, Polemo the sophist, and Cuspius Rufinus the Consul.〔 In 148, when he was 19, his father died, leaving him independently wealthy. He then followed the advice he found in Hippocrates' teaching〔(Hippocrates. Airs, Waters, and Places. Jones (ed.) 70-2 )〕 and travelled and studied widely including such destinations as Smyrna (now Izmir), Corinth, Crete, Cilicia (now Çukurova), Cyprus, and finally the great medical school of Alexandria, exposing himself to the various schools of thought in medicine. In 157, aged 28, he returned to Pergamon as physician to the gladiators of the High Priest of Asia, one of the most influential and wealthy men in Asia. Galen claims that the High Priest chose him over other physicians after he eviscerated an ape and challenged other physicians to repair the damage. When they refused, Galen performed the surgery himself and in so doing won the favor of the High Priest of Asia. Over his four years there he learned the importance of diet, fitness, hygiene and preventive measures, as well as living anatomy, and the treatment of fractures and severe trauma, referring to their wounds as "windows into the body". Only five deaths among the gladiators occurred while he held the post, compared to sixty in his predecessor's time, a result that is in general ascribed to the attention he paid to their wounds. At the same time he pursued studies in theoretical medicine and philosophy.〔〔Ustun C. Galen and his anatomic eponym: Vein of Galen. Clinical Anatomy Volume 17 Issue 6 454–457, 2004;〕〔(Galen On Food and Diet. Grant M (trans.) Routledge 2000 )〕〔Gleason, M. Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome. Princeton 1995〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Galen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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