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A game show is a type of radio, television, or internet programming genre in which contestants, television personalities or celebrities, sometimes as part of a team, play a game which involves answering questions or solving puzzles usually for money and/or prizes. Alternatively, a ''gameshow'' can be a demonstrative program about a game (while usually retaining the spirit of a rewards ceremony). In the former, contestants may be invited from a pool of public applicants. On some shows, contestants compete against other players or another team, while other shows involve contestants playing alone for a good outcome or a high score. Game shows often reward players with prizes such as cash, trips and goods and services provided by the show's sponsor prize suppliers, who in turn usually do so for the purposes of product placement. == History == Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television game show, ''Spelling Bee'', was broadcast in 1938. ''Truth or Consequences'' was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television. Its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as television began to pervade the popular culture, game shows quickly became a fixture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives. Higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as ''Twenty One'' and ''The $64,000 Question'' began a rapid rise in popularity. However, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged. Ratings declines led to most of the prime time games being canceled. An early variant of the game show, the panel game, survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like ''What's My Line?'', ''I've Got A Secret'' and ''To Tell The Truth'', panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them; in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were collectively dropped from television because of their perceived “low budget” nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television (where the lower budgets were tolerated) in the 1970s through comedy-driven shows such as ''Match Game'' and ''Hollywood Squares''. In the UK, where commercial demographic pressures were not as prominent, panel shows were kept in primetime and have continued to thrive; they have transformed into showcases for the nation's top stand-up comedians on shows such as ''Have I Got News For You'', ''Would I Lie to You?'', ''Mock The Week'', ''QI'' and ''8 out of 10 Cats'', all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick-witted comedians has resulted in strong ratings, which, combined with low costs of production, have only spurred growth in the UK panel show phenomenon. Game shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals. Lower-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s; examples include ''Jeopardy!'' which began in 1964 and the original version of ''The Match Game'' first aired in 1962. ''Let's Make a Deal'' began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of ''Hollywood Squares'', ''Password'', ''The Dating Game'' and ''The Newlywed Game''. Though CBS gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. Color television was introduced to the game show genre in the late 1960s on all three networks. The 1970s saw a renaissance of the game show as new games and massive upgrades to existing games made debuts on the major networks. ''The New Price Is Right'', an update of the 1950s-era game show ''The Price Is Right'', debuted in 1972 and marked CBS's return to the game show format in its effort to draw wealthier, suburban viewers. ''The Match Game'' became "Big Money" ''Match Game 73'', which proved popular enough to prompt a spin-off, ''Family Feud'', on ABC in 1976. ''The $10,000 Pyramid'' and its numerous higher-stakes derivatives also debuted in 1973, while the 1970s also saw the return of formerly disgraced producer and host Jack Barry, who debuted ''The Joker's Wild'' and a clean version of the previously rigged ''Tic-Tac-Dough'' in the 1970s. ''Wheel of Fortune'' debuted on NBC in 1975. The Prime Time Access Rule, which took effect in 1971, barred networks from broadcasting in the 7-8 p.m. time slot immediately preceding prime time, opening up time slots for syndicated programming. Most of the syndicated programs were "nighttime" adaptations of network daytime game shows; these game shows originally aired once a week, but by the late 1970s and early 1980s most of the games had transitioned to five days a week. Game shows were the lowest priority of television networks, and were rotated out every thirteen weeks if unsuccessful. Most tapes were destroyed until the early 1980s. Over the course of the late 1980s and early 1990s as fewer new hits were produced, game shows lost their permanent place in the daytime lineup. ABC transitioned out of the daytime game show format in the mid-1980s (briefly returning to the format for one season in 1990 with a ''Match Game'' revival). NBC's game block also lasted until 1991, but the network attempted to bring them back in 1993 before cancelling its game show block again in 1994. CBS phased out most of their game shows, except for ''The Price Is Right'', by 1993. To the benefit of the genre, the moves of ''Wheel of Fortune'' and a modernized revival of ''Jeopardy!'' to syndication in 1983 and 1984, respectively, was and remains highly successful; the two are, to this day, fixtures in the prime time "access period". Cable television also allowed for the debut of game shows such as ''Supermarket Sweep'' (Lifetime), ''Trivial Pursuit'' and ''Family Challenge'' (Family Channel), and ''Double Dare'' (Nickelodeon). It also opened up a previously underdeveloped market for game show reruns; general interest networks such as CBN Cable Network and USA Network had popular blocks for game show reruns from the mid-1980s to the mid-'90s before that niche was overtaken by Game Show Network in 1994. After the popularity of game shows hit a nadir in the mid-1990s United States (at which point ''The Price Is Right'' was the only game show still on daytime network TV), the British game show ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?'' began distribution across the globe. Upon the show's American debut in 1999, it was an instant hit and became a regular part of ABC's prime time lineup until 2002. Several shorter-lived high-stakes games were attempted around the time of the millennium, both in the United States and the United Kingdom, such as ''Winning Lines'', ''The Chair'', ''Greed'' and ''Shafted'', leading to some dubbing this period as "The Million-Dollar Game Show Craze". These higher stakes contests also opened the door to reality television contests such as ''Survivor'' and ''Big Brother'', in which contestants win large sums of money for outlasting their peers in a given environment. Several game shows returned to daytime in syndication during this time as well, such as ''Family Feud'', ''Hollywood Squares'', and ''Millionaire''. The popularity of game shows in the United States was closely paralleled around the world. Reg Grundy Organisation, for instance, would buy the international rights for American game shows and reproduce them in other countries, especially in Grundy's native Australia. In the United Kingdom, game shows have had a more steady and permanent place in the television lineup and never lost popularity in the 1990s as they did in the United States, due in part to the fact that game shows were highly regulated by the Independent Broadcasting Authority in the 1980s and those restrictions were lifted in the 1990s, allowing for higher-stakes games to be played. Game shows have had an inconsistent place in Canadian television, with most homegrown game shows there being made for the French-speaking Quebecois market and the majority of English-language game shows in the country being rebroadcast from, or made with the express intent of export to, the United States; there have been exceptions to this (see, for instance, the long-running ''Definition''). Unlike reality television franchises, international game show franchises generally only see Canadian adaptations in a series of specials, based heavily on the American versions but usually with a Canadian host to allow for Canadian content credits. The smaller markets and lower revenue opportunities for Canadian shows in general also affect game shows there, with Canadian games (especially Quebecois ones) often having very low budgets for prizes, unless the series is made for export. Canadian contestants are generally allowed to participate on American game shows, and there have been at least three Canadian game show hosts; Monty Hall, Jim Perry and Alex Trebek; that have gone on to long careers hosting American series. In the US, CBS is currently the only major network airing daily national game shows. It still airs ''The Price Is Right'' and, as of 2009, is also airing a revival of ''Let's Make a Deal''. ''Deal'' airs on weekdays at a time chosen by each CBS affiliate, while ''Price'' airs weekdays at 10am or 11am in most markets. Although ABC does not air any national game shows, its syndication wing Disney-ABC Domestic Television distributes ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?'', and many of their local affiliates air it in syndication. Of US radio stations, the oldest, continually aired quiz show was Simply Trivia (started in 1972) on WYSO until the station cancelled it in 2014.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Programs A-Z )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Game show」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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