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:''Gandhara is also an ancient name for Peshawar, Pakistan.'' Gandhāra ((サンスクリット:पुरुषपुर or गंधारा), (パシュトー語:ګندارا), , Avestan: ''Vaēkərəta'', Old Persian ''Para-upari-sena'', Bactrian ''Paropamisadae'' (''Paropamisus'' ), Greek ''Caspatyrus'') is the ancient term for the city, and old kingdom of Peshawar, which encompassed the Swat valley and the Potohar Plateau regions of Pakistan, as well as the Jalalabad district of modern-day Afghanistan. During the Hellenistic period, its capital city was Charsadda, but later the capital city was shifted to Peshawar by the Kushan emperor Kanishka the Great in about 127. It is mentioned in the Zend Avesta as ''Vaēkərəta'', the sixth most beautiful place on earth created by Ahura Mazda. It was known in Sanskrit as ''Puruṣapura'', literally meaning "city of men". It was known as the "crown jewel" of Bactria and also held sway over ''Takṣaśilā'' (modern Taxila).〔(Encyclopædia Britannica: Gandhara )〕 The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the Vedic period (c. 1500-500 BC). As a center of Greco-Buddhism, Bactrian Zoroastrianism and Animism, Gandhara attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Kushan Kings. The Persian term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni〔Kalhana Rajatarangini referred to them as simply ''Shahi'' and inscriptions refer to them as ''sahi''.(Wink, pg 125)〕 to refer to the ruling dynasty〔Al Biruni refers to the subsequent rulers as "Brahman kings"; however, most other references such as Kalahan refer to them as kshatriyas. (Wink, pg 125)〕 that took over from the ''Kabul Shahi''〔Kabul Shahi〕 and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1001 AD, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period, the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times, it was an independent district which included the Kabul province. ==Name== The name ''Gāndhāra'', though recorded in Avestan as ''Vaēkərəta'', is not recorded in Vedic Sanskrit. It occurs later in the Classical Sanskrit of the epics. However, the Gandhari people are a tribe mentioned in the Rigveda, the Atharvaveda, and later texts.〔 At Google Books.〕 One proposed origin of the name is from the Sanskrit word ''gandha'', meaning ''perfume'' and "referring to the spices and aromatic herbs which they (inhabitants ) traded and with which they anointed themselves."〔 At the Internet Archive.〕 Some authors have connected the modern name Kandahar to ''Gandhara''.〔 At Google Books.〕 A Persian form of the name, ''Gandara'', is mentioned by Herodotus〔 At the Perseus Project.〕 in the context of the story of the Greek explorer Scylax of Caryanda, who sailed down the Indus River beginning at the city of ''Caspatyrus'' in ''Gandara'' (). Herodotus records that those Iranic tribes who were adjacent to the city of Caspatyrus and the district of Pactyïce had customs similar to the Bactrians, and are the most warlike amongst them. These also are the people who obtain gold from the ant-hills of the adjoining desert. On the identity of Caspatyrus, there have been two opinions, one equating it with Kabul, the other with the name of Kashmir (''Kasyapa pur'', condensed to ''Kaspapur'' as found in Hecataeus).〔 At the Perseus Project.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gandhara」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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