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The Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Ji Do ("Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals."〔Kenneth R. Robinson ( Choson Korea in the Ryukoku Kangnido ) in ''Imago Mundi'', Vol. 59 No. 2 (June 2007) pp. 177-192, via Ingenta Connect.〕), often abbreviated as Kangnido, is a world map created in Korea, produced by Yi Hoe and Kwon Kun in 1402.〔Cartography of Korea, pgs. 235-345, Gari Ledyard ''al''., (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison), The History of Cartography, Volume Two, Book Two, Cartography in Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies, 1994, The University of Chicago Press, J. B. Harley and David Woodward ''ed''., (Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI / Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI), pgs. slip cover, 243-247, ISBN 0-226-31637-8.〕 The Kangnido is one of the oldest ''surviving'' world maps from East Asia, along with the (''ca''. 1398) Chinese ''Da Ming Hun Yi Tu''.〔明代的古地图 (Ming Cartography), Cartography, GEOG1150, 2013, Qiming Zhou ''et''. ''al''., (Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University), Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, retrieved 27 Jan 2013; http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/GEOG1150/Chinese/Catalog/am31_map1.htm.〕 It is one of the most important materials for reconstructing the ''lost'' 14th-century original by the Chinese. As a world map, it reflects the geographic knowledge of China during the Mongol Empire when geographical information about Western countries became available via Islamic geographers.〔(Miya 2006; Miya 2007)〕 It depicts the general form of the Old World, from Africa and Europe in the west to Japan in the east.〔Angelo Cattaneo (Europe on late Medieval and early Renaissance world maps ), International BIMCC Conference (Nov 2007)〕 Although, overall, it is less geographically accurate than its Chinese cousin, most obviously in the depiction of rivers and small islands, it does feature some improvements (particularly the depictions of Korea and Japan, and a less cramped version of Africa). ==Manuscripts== Only two copies of the map are known today. Both have been preserved in Japan and show later modifications. The map currently in Ryūkoku University (hereafter, Ryūkoku copy) has gathered scholarly attention since the early 20th century. It is 158 cm by 163 cm, painted on silk. It is presumed that the Ryūkoku copy was created in Korea but it is not clear when the copy was brought to Japan. One claims that it was purchased by Ōtani Kōzui and others assume that it was obtained during the invasion of Korea (1592-1598) and given to the West Honganji temple by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.〔(Miya 2006:598-599,650)〕 It contains some place names of Korea that are newer than 1402, suggesting that the Ryūkoku copy was partially modified from the 1402 original around the 1470s and 1480s.〔(Aoyama 1938:111-112; Aoyama 1939:149-152; Robinson 2007)〕 Another copy (Honkōji copy〔The title of the Honkōji copy is written in seal script and difficult to read. Some earlier studies read "混一疆理歷代國都地圖." See (Miya 2006:601).〕) was discovered in the Honkōji temple of Shimabara, Nagasaki in 1988. It is 220 cm by 280 cm, much larger than the Ryūkoku copy, and painted on paper. It seems that the Honkōji copy was created in Japan during the Edo period.〔(Miya 2006:599)〕 The place names of Korea suggests that it was revised around the 1560s.〔(Miya 2007:14)〕 There are two copies of maps in Japan that are related to the map. One (Honmyōji copy) housed in the Honmyōji temple of Kumamoto is known as the "Map of the Great Ming" (大明國地圖). The other (Tenri copy) at Tenri University has no title and is tentatively called by a similar name (大明國圖).〔Unno Kazutaka 海野一隆: ''Tenri toshokan shozō Daimin koku zu ni tsuite'' 天理図書館所蔵大明国図について, Memoirs of the Osaka University of the Liberal Arts and Education. A, Humanistic Science, No. 6, pp. 60-67, 1957.〕 They are considered to be later adaptations of the original. The most important change is that place names of China are updated to those of the Ming Dynasty while the original showed administrative divisions of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. Based on a legend of the temple, it has been assumed naively that the Honmyōji copy was given to Katō Kiyomasa, the ruler of Kumamoto, by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in preparation for the Korean campaigns. However, the ''Seonjo Sillok'' of Korea reports that in 1593 the son of a Korean official who had surrendered to Katō copied and offered map(s) of China and Korea to him. This may refer to the extant Honmyōji map.〔(Miya 2006:600-601)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gangnido」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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