|
Ganienkeh (meaning ''Land of the Flint'' Mohawk), is a Mohawk community located on about near Altona, New York in the far northeast corner of Upper New York State.〔(Suzanne Moore, "Ganienkeh must be treated as sovereign, spokesman insists" ), ''Press Republican News'', 18 Apr 2005, on Infoshop News, accessed 25 Feb 2010〕 Established by an occupation of militants in the late 1970s, it is a rare case in which an indigenous people reclaiming land from the United States. Issues of sovereignty and governmental relations have not been settled.〔 ==History== In May 1974 traditionalist Mohawk "repossessed" land near Old Forge, New York, occupying Moss Lake, a girls' camp. They claimed the land under the concept that it had been part of their historic territory in the area, and that New York had made an illegal treaty in 1797 when purchasing land from their leader Joseph Brant.〔("Indians Seeking Support for Their Land Claims" ), ''The New York Times'', 15 Dec 1975, accessed 27 Feb 2010〕 These Mohawk had left the Akwesasne, Kahnawake, and other reservations to rebuild traditional lives. The land dispute (as Altona residents and government objected to the Mohawk claim of sovereignty) has not been fully settled.〔(Gail Landsman, "Ganienkeh: Symbol and Politics in an Indian/White Conflict" ), ''American Anthropologist'', New Series, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Dec., 1985), pp. 826-839, accessed 27 Feb 2010〕 The action was related to rising Native American activism, and specific land claims being filed against New York State by separate nations of the Iroquois. As allies of the defeated British, they had been forced to cede their historic lands to the state after the American Revolution, but the US Senate had never ratified the treaty, making it invalid under the constitution. Some believe that the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua give the Iroquois nations continuing rights to land in the present-day state. The Oneida won a lands claim case, and others continued in negotiation in the late 20th century. At the same time, the founding of Ganienkeh was related to Mohawk local issues, as some families wanted to leave the reservation environment. They found it had problems with alcohol and substance abuse, among other issues.〔( Gail Guthrie Valaskakis, ''Indian Country: Essays on Contemporary Native Culture'' ), Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005, p.57, accessed 27 Feb 2010〕 The three-year armed occupation of the camp ended in 1977 after nearly 200 negotiation sessions with New York state leaders. The Mohawk agreed to move to the territory at Miner Lake, which was offered by New York State through an intermediary trust. Unlike at the ten reservations within the borders of the state, in which federally recognized tribes have a relation with the federal government and the state has no authority over them, the jurisdictional relationships between the tribe and New York have not been defined at this territory. By 1990, the Mohawk still prohibited outsiders from entering the territory.〔(SAM HOWE VERHOVEK, "Standoff Ends, but Not Mohawk Defiance" ), ''The New York Times", 14 Apr 1990, 27 Feb 2010〕 This became the settlement of Ganienkeh, with originally about 25 families, about from the Canadian border. The local townspeople helped supply them with food and other necessities during the first winter.〔(Peter Slocum, "Thanksgiving Spirit of 305 Years Ago Being Revived in Altona, NY" ), ''The Lewiston Daily Sun'', 21 Nov 1977, accessed 27 Feb 2010〕〔("The Warrior's Society and the Black Market" ), in ''Sin-Tax Failure: The Market in Contraband Tobacco and Public Safety'', The Mackenzie Institute, Toronto: 1994, accessed 27 Feb 2010〕 The Mohawk established a "permanent nonreservation settlement" and claimed sovereign status.〔(Gail Landsman, "Ganienkeh: Symbol and Politics in an Indian/White Conflict" ), ''American Anthropologist'', New Series, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Dec., 1985), pp. 826-839, accessed 27 Feb 2010〕 "Ganienkeh's founding was a rare case of Indigenous people reclaiming land from the United States."〔(Doran, Kwinn H., "Ganienkeh: Haudenosaunee Labor-Culture and Conflict Resolution" ), ''The American Indian Quarterly'' - Volume 26, Number 1, Winter 2002, pp. 1-23, accessed 26 Feb 2010〕 Ganienkeh spokespeople state it is the only ''Kanienkehaka'' (Mohawk Nation) community that functions solely under the original ''Kaianerehkowa'' (the Constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy) without influence or interference of the United States or Canadian governments.〔 The people claim that the Two Row Wampum (''Guswhenta'') guarantees Ganienkeh the right to exist as a sovereign entity within the international community. They note that as a sovereign people they may not be taxed by New York or the federal government.〔(Suzanne Moore, "Ganienkeh must be treated as sovereign, spokesman insists" ), ''Press Republican News'', 18 Apr 2005, on Infoshop News, accessed 25 Feb 2010〕 In 1990 Ganienkeh introduced tax-free bingo, and its 1500-person hall is often filled to capacity. This activity has generated income which the community has invested in economic development projects. (See below.) They also sell cigarettes tax free, thus underselling local retailers.〔(SAM HOWE VERHOVEK, "Standoff Ends, but Not Mohawk Defiance" ), ''The New York Times", 14 Apr 1990, 27 Feb 2010〕 They established the (Ganienkeh Holistic Center ), which provides classes and education to everyone in the larger community. They also opened the nine-hole Ganienkeh Golf Course, available to players for a fee. These businesses are communally operated for the benefit of the Territory. Through regular convened community meetings, every resident of Ganienkeh may participate in the day-to-day government of the community. Ganienkeh is a dry community, prohibiting all recreational drugs and alcohol. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ganienkeh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|