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''Gǎnyìng'' or ''yìng'' is a Chinese cultural keyword meaning a "correlative resonance" pulsating throughout the purported force field of ''qi'' that infuses the cosmos. When the idea of ''ganging'' first appeared in Chinese classics from the late Warring States period (475-221 BCE), it referred to a cosmological principle of "stimulus and response" between things of the same kind, analogous with vibratory sympathetic resonance. Early schools of Chinese philosophy adapted ''ganying'' into different folk theories of causality, such as universal resonance influencing all interrelated things in Daoism, and ethical resonance between Heaven and humans in Confucianism. ''Ganying'' resonance was later used to mean miraculous "moral retribution" in Chinese folk religion, and "prayers being heard" in Chinese Buddhism. In the modern period, Chinese ''ganying'' "stimulus and response" was used to translate some Western scientific loanwords (such as ''diàncí gǎnyìng'' 電磁感應 "electromagnetic induction"). ==Terminology== The Chinese collocation ''gǎnyìng'' combines ''gǎn'' 感 "feel, sense; move, touch; (traditional Chinese medicine) be affected (by cold)" and ''yìng'' traditional 應 or simplified 应 "respond; consent, comply; adapt to; cope/deal with; apply, applied", which is also pronounced ''yīng'' "promise/agree (to do something); answer; respond; (auxiliary) should; ought to" (DeFrancis 2003: 284, 1149). Several early texts (below) use an interchangeable synonym of ''ying'' < Old Chinese '' *()(r)əәŋ'' 應 "respond; resonate" : ''dòng'' < *''()tˤoŋʔ'' 動 "move; shake; set in motion". ''Dong'' can mean ''ganying'', for instance, ''gǎndòng'' 感動 "move; touch (somebody)" and ''dòngrén'' 動人 "arouse interest/feelings". Sharf (2002: 120) says interpreting the Chinese philosophical term ''gan'' "stimulus; affect; etc." is rendered problematic by the modern distinction between ontology and epistemology. The ontological range of meanings, insofar as to ''gan'' someone is to effect the mind of another person, as evident in the (c. 121 CE) ''Shuowen jiezi'' dictionary definition of ''gan'' as 動人心也 "to move a person's mind", suggesting English translation equivalents such as "incite," "agitate," "rouse," and "stimulate". The epistemological range of ''gan'' meanings, insofar as it implies an inner experience or cognition that may or may not correlate with an event in the external world, is translatable as to "feel," "experience," "sense," or "become aware of." Both the logographs ''gǎn'' 感 and ''yìng'' 應 are classified as radical-phonetic characters written with the "heart-mind radical" 心 (typically used to write words for feelings and thoughts) and phonetic indicators of ''xián'' 咸 "all; Hexagram 31" and ''yīng'' 鷹 "hawk; eagle" minus the "bird radical" 鳥 (Bishop 2012). Bilingual Chinese-English dictionaries give a variety of translation equivalents for Modern Standard Chinese ''ganying''. *moved to response through the feelings and affections; induction (Mathews 1931) *① to feel and respond ② (physics) induction (Liang and Chang 1971) *reaction or response to some outer stimuli (Lin 1972) *① response; reaction; interaction ② () irritability ③ () induction (Wu 1979) *① response ② () induction (Ding 1985) *① response; reaction; interaction ② () irritability ③ () induction (Wu 1993) *① induction; process through which an object or electromagnetic body becomes magnetized when in a magnetic field or in the magnetic flux set up by a magnetmotive force ② response; reaction; feeling or act of response caused by an outside influence (Ling 2002) *① () response; reaction; interaction ② () irritability ③ () induction ④ () the prayers being listened to (DeFrancis 2003) *(A) respond (B) () induction (Kleeman & Yu 2010) The most commonly given (and copied) meanings are "respond; response" and "electromagnetic induction". ==History== The history of ''ganying'' spans over two millennia, going from an ancient cosmological theory to modern scientific terminology. Ancient texts use string resonance or sympathetic vibration between paired Chinese musical instruments as the most common analogy for ''(gan)ying'' "cosmic resonance". The ''Zhuangzi'', ''Lüshi chunqiu'' (twice), ''Huainanzi'' (twice), and ''Chuci'' all mention plucking the classical pentatonic ''gong'' 宮 and ''jue'' 角 notes on the ''se'' 瑟 "a 25-string zither"; but the ''Chunqiu fanlu'' mentions the ''gong'' and ''shang'' 商 notes on either the ''se'' or ''qin'' 琴 "a 7-string zither". Joseph Needham (1962:130) notes both these instruments are commonly mistranslated as "lutes", but are actually "zithers", describing the ''qin'' as "a half-tube zither" and the ''se'' (which only survives in the descendent ''zheng'' 箏) as "a horizontal psaltery". In modern terms of the solmization stave, ''gong'', ''shang'', and ''jue'' correspond to ''do'', ''re'', and ''mi''. Click here to hear the ''gong'' "Original Tuning", ''shang'' "Sharpened Re Tuning", and ''jue'' "Lowered Third-string Tuning" on the Chinese zither. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ganying」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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