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The Garduña〔In standard Spanish, ''(garduña )'' is the name of the beech marten〕 is a mythical secret criminal society said to have been founded in Spain in the late Middle Ages. It was said to have been a prison gang that grew into a more organized entity over time, involved with robbery, kidnapping, arson, and murder-for-hire. Its statutes were said to have been approved in Toledo in 1420 after being founded around 1417.〔Gratteri & Nicasso, ''Fratelli di sangue'', pp. 22-23. It references F. Caracciolo, ''Miseria della mafiologia'', Bologna: Monduzzi Editore, pp. 38-39.〕 Spanish historians León Arsenal and Hipólito Sanchiz have traced all references to the Garduña back to the 19th-century book ''Misterios de la inquisición española y otras sociedades secretas de España'' by Víctor de Fereal (maybe a pseudonym for Madame de Suberwick) and Manuel de Cuendías, published in 1850. Arsenal and Sanchiz doubt the Garduña ever existed.〔Arsenal & Sanchiz, ''Una historia de las sociedades secretas españolas'', pp. 326-335〕 As a secret society, the Garduña is very attractive for conspiracism, according to the historian Sánchiz. It was supposedly active for over 400 years in Spain and, among other things, it supposedly carried out the dirty work of the Inquisition. In serious Spanish studies about ''bandolerismo'' (outlaws) and social disorders (very frequent in Andalusia in the 19th century) there is not a single mention of the Garduña.〔 (Interview with historian Hipólito Sánchiz ), Minuto digital, December 11, 2006〕 Some have claimed that the Garduña was a precursor to the Neapolitan Camorra, a crime syndicate active to this day in southern Italy, and was transplanted when Spain controlled Naples and much of its criminal element was transported (or deported) there.〔Behan, ''The Camorra'', p. 9〕 A Calabrian folk song suggests a much larger legacy. It tells the story of three Garduña "brothers" or three Spanish knights who fled Spain in the 17th century after washing with blood the honour of their seduced sister. They were shipwrecked on the island of Favignana, near Sicily. Mastrosso, devout of Virgin Mary, made his way to Naples and founded the Camorra. Carcagnosso, protected by Saint Michael, made his way to Calabria and founded the 'Ndrangheta. Osso, devoted to Saint George, made his way to Sicily and founded the Mafia.〔Gratteri & Nicasso, ''Fratelli di sangue'', pp. 27-28〕 Additionally, the circumstances surrounding the original shipwreck seem to suggest their main occupations as pirates, and alludes to a connection with pirates throughout the Spanish Empire, including the Americas. Similar traditions are told of three Buddhist monks founding the Chinese Triads.〔 ==See also== * Germanía, the jargon of Spanish criminals in the 17th century. * ''Rinconete and Cortadillo'' is a short novel by Miguel de Cervantes about a Thieves' Guild operating in Seville. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Garduña」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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