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Gariannonum
Gariannonum, or Gariannum, was a Saxon Shore fort in Norfolk, England. The Notitia Dignitatum, a Roman Army “order of battle” from about AD 400, lists nine forts of the Saxon Shore in south and east England, among which one was called Gariannonor. It has been much discussed over the years in terms of spelling (''Gariannonum'', ''Garianonum'', ''Gariannum''), purpose (whether it really was intended for defence against Saxon raids), and location (whether Burgh Castle or the Caister-on-Sea site).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pastscape website article: Burgh Castle )〕
==Identification==
''Gariannonum'' has usually been identified with Burgh Castle.〔There has long been doubt on the issue. See Henry Swinden, (1772), ''The history and antiquities of the ancient burgh of Great Yarmouth in the County of Norfolk'', page 2: "But where that ancient fortress was situated, authors are not agreed. The generality, with Camden, place it at Burgh-Castle; while others (a), with some probability, think Caister, near Yarmouth, the Gariannonum of the Romans."〕 However, modern reassessment of the Roman settlement away at Caister-on-Sea has shown that it too had a military function.〔Andrew F. Pearson, (2003), ''The construction of the Saxon Shore Forts'', page 10. Archaeopress〕 In Roman times, both sites lay on opposite sides of a large estuary (the remnant of which is Breydon Water).〔Nic Fields, (2006), ''Rome's Saxon shore: coastal defences of Roman Britain, AD 250-500'', page 28. Osprey〕 The identification of Burgh Castle as ''Gariannonum'' is uncertain, and the name could apply to Caister-on-Sea.〔〔( Garianno Burgh Castle or Caister-on-sea, Suffolk ), Roman Map, retrieved 18 May 2011〕
The name ''Gariannonum'' has been thought to derive from a Celtic root meaning "babbling river," which may refer to the River Yare at Burgh Castle, although the derivation is uncertain.〔Jacek Fisiak, Peter Trudgill, (2001), ''East Anglian English'', page 40. Boydell & Brewer〕 The military function of Caister-on-Sea is also open to doubt.〔Roger Wilson, (2002), ''A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain'', pages 245-6. Constable〕 Both sites probably operated together and one, or possibly even both, were known by the Romans as ''Gariannonum''.〔(''Burgh Castle History and Research'' ), English Heritage - retrieved 18 May 2011〕
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