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Gasification
Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil fuel based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures (>700 °C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas or synthetic gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived from gasification and combustion of the resultant gas is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the gasified compounds were obtained from biomass.〔National Non-Food Crops Centre. ("Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes, NNFCC 09-008" ), Retrieved on 2011-06-24〕〔(The Clean and Renewable Energy Source ), www.biomass.uk.com, accessed 16.05.11〕〔(Thermal Gasification of Biomass, International Energy Agency Task 33 ), www.gastechnology.org, accessed 16.05.11〕〔(Clean Renewable Fuel from the Plasma Gasification of Waste ), www.waste-management-world.com, Accessed 16.05.2011〕
The advantage of gasification is that using the syngas is potentially more efficient than direct combustion of the original fuel because it can be combusted at higher temperatures or even in fuel cells, so that the thermodynamic upper limit to the efficiency defined by Carnot's rule is higher or (in case of fuel cells) not applicable. Syngas may be burned directly in gas engines, used to produce methanol and hydrogen, or converted via the Fischer–Tropsch process into synthetic fuel. Gasification can also begin with material which would otherwise have been disposed of such as biodegradable waste. In addition, the high-temperature process refines out corrosive ash elements such as chloride and potassium, allowing clean gas production from otherwise problematic fuels. Gasification of fossil fuels is currently widely used on industrial scales to generate electricity.〔Chris Higman and Maarten van der Burgt. ''Gasification'', Second Edition, Elsevier (2008).〕
==History==
The process of producing energy using the gasification method has been in use for more than 180 years. During that time coal and peat were used to power these plants. Initially developed to produce town gas for lighting and cooking in the 1800s, this was replaced by electricity and natural gas, it was also used in blast furnaces but the bigger role was played in the production of synthetic chemicals where it has been in use since the 1920s.
During both world wars, especially the World War II, the need for fuel produced by gasification reemerged due to the shortage of petroleum.〔(Gas Generator Project ) History of the Gasogene technology〕 Wood gas generators, called Gasogene or Gazogène, were used to power motor vehicles in Europe. By 1945 there were trucks, buses and agricultural machines that were powered by gasification. It is estimated that there were close to 9,000,000 vehicles running on producer gas all over the world.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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