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Gaspee Affair
The ''Gaspee'' Affair was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. HMS ''Gaspee'',〔(Bartlett: Destruction of the ''Gaspee'' ) – "His Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee." Accessed June 9, 2009.〕 a British customs schooner that had been engaged in anti-smuggling operations, ran aground in shallow water on June 9, 1772, near what is now known as Gaspee Point in the city of Warwick, Rhode Island, while chasing the packet boat ''Hannah''.〔This version of the story is told by Ephraim Bowen and John Mawney in Staples, William R., ''The Documentary History of the Destruction of the'' Gaspee, (Providence, RI: Knowles, Vose, and Anthony, 1845), p. 14–16. These men made these statements in 1826 relying on their memories from 67 years earlier.〕 A group of men led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked, boarded, looted, and torched the ship.〔() The only other testimony, from a colonial, is Aaron Biggs (sometimes Briggs). He told a slightly different version of the story. Governor Wanton took pains to discredit his telling of the events. Bartlett, John Russell. ''A History of the Destruction of His Britannic Majesty's Schooner'' Gaspee, ''In Narragansett Bay, On the 10th of June 1772'' (Providence, RI.: A. Crawford Greene, 1861), p. 84-87. We also have the testimony of several mariners from the crew and officers of the ''Gaspee''. They report a much larger number of attackers and many more boats.〕
==Background==
The customs service in Britain’s North American colonies in the eighteenth century had a violent history. The Treasury in London did little to correct known problems and Britain itself was at war during much of this period and was in a great strategic position to risk antagonizing its overseas colonies. At the end of the Seven Years' War, following Britain’s decisive victory, several successive ministries implemented reforms in an attempt to achieve more effective administrative control and raise more revenue in the colonies. The Admiralty purchased six Marblehead sloops and schooners and Anglicized French names for these vessels from their recent acquisitions in Canada. The ''St. John, St. Lawrence, Chaleur, Hope, Magdalen, and Gaspee'' had their French accents removed and subsequent nineteenth and twentieth - century authors used the English spellings.〔See Barlett https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr80AQAAMAAJ&dq=Gaspee%20Affair&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Gaspee%20Affair&f=false〕 The revenue was necessary, Parliament believed, to bolster military and naval defensive positions along the borders of their far-flung empire, and to pay the crushing debt incurred in winning the war on behalf of those colonies. Among these reforms was the deputizing of the Royal Navy's Sea Officers to help enforce customs laws in colonial ports.〔See Barrow, Thomas C. ''Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America, 1660–1775'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967) especially page 177. See also Gipson, Lawrence Henry, ''The British Empire Before the American Revolution'', Vol. XII ''The Triumphant Empire: Britain Sails into the Storm, 1770–1776''. (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1965) especially page 26 footnote 79.〕 In 1764 Rhode Islanders attacked HMS ''St. John'' and in 1769 they burned a customs ship, HMS ''Liberty'', on Goat Island in Newport harbor.〔''Warships of the world to 1900, Volume 799, Ships of the World Series:Warships of the World to 1900,'' Lincoln P. Paine (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000) pg. 95 ()〕
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