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''Geisteswissenschaften'' ((:ˈɡaɪstəsˌvɪsənʃaftən), "sciences of spirit") is a set of human sciences such as philosophy, history, philology, social sciences, and sometimes even theology and jurisprudence, that are traditional in German universities. Most of its subject matter would come under the much larger humanities faculty in the typical English-speaking university, but it does not contain the arts. The concept of ''Geist'' dates back to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century German idealism, in particular to Herder's and Hegel's concept of a ''Volksgeist'', the alleged common "spirit", or rather, mind, of a people. To understand the term ''Geisteswissenschaften'', one should bear in mind that the continental ''faculty of philosophy'' inherited the medieval ''faculty of arts''. Besides philosophy itself it encompassed the natural sciences with mathematics as well as the philological and historical disciplines and later on psychology and the social sciences. The term ''Geisteswissenschaften'' first was used as translation of John Stuart Mill’s term “''moral sciences''”. The historian, philosopher and sociologist Wilhelm Dilthey popularised the term, arguing that psychology and the emerging field of sociology – like the philological and historical disciplines – should be considered as ''Geisteswissenschaft'' rather than as ''Naturwissenschaft'' (natural science), and that their methodology should reflect this classification. His arguments were very influential in the theories of the prominent German sociologist Max Weber, though Weber preferred the term ''Kulturwissenschaft'', which has been promoted by his neokantian colleagues (Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert). Since the times of Dilthey it became common to speak of the 'Naturwissenschaften' on the one hand and the 'Geisteswissenschaften' on the other – not particularly considering the status of mathematics and of philosophy itself. After the separation of the natural sciences and mathematics into a particular faculty (in some universities not until the 1950s), the ''Geisteswissenschaften'' were left alone in the philosophical faculty and even philosophy often was subsumed under the term ''Geisteswissenschaften''. Meanwhile, many of the German universities have split up these faculties in smaller departments, so that the old common interests and the old borders are less visible. The term is now used irregularly. In administrative contexts it is used broadly to discuss how to organise the academic institutions and describe the culture of academic discussions, so that the faculties of Theology and Law are added to the Geisteswissenschaften. In some contexts of science policy the Geisteswissenschaften are described as non-empirical sciences, drawing them near philosophy and excluding the social sciences from their area.〔Carl Friedrich Gethmann, Dieter Langewiesche, Jürgen Mittelstraß, Dieter Simon, Günter Stock, ''Manifest Geisteswissenschaft'', ed. by Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 2005 (''Welche Religion braucht die Gesellschaft?'' ).〕 In the context of methodology on the contrary it has been emphasised, that – of course not philosophy, but - ''Geisteswissenschaften'' as ''history'' and the ''philological'' disciplines, relating on empirical data (documents, books and utterances), along with ''psychology'' and the ''social sciences'' have a common ''empirical character'', which is essentially based on comprehension (''Verstehen'') or understanding of expressions of meaning.〔Bernward Grünewald: Geist – Kultur – Gesellschaft. Versuch einer Prinzipientheorie der Geisteswissenschaften auf transzendentalphilosophischer Grundlage. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot 2009.〕 Other authors, like Rudolf Steiner, used the term ''Geisteswissenschaft'' in a historically quite distinct sense to refer to a proposed "Science of Spirit". == Example usage == From ''Kulturgeschichte Frankreichs'', Suchanek-Fröhlich, p. 633:〔''Kulturgeschichte Frankreichs'' Suchanek-Fröhlich, Stefan Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1966〕
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